UNS S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Plate

SuperDuplex stainless like Duplex, is a mixed microstructure of austenite and ferrite (50/50) which has improved strength over ferritic and austenitic steel grades. The main difference is that Superduplex has a higher Molybdenum and Chromium content which gives the material greater corrosion resistance.

Please send your inquiry by sales@sunnysteel.com

Category: Steel plate Tags: Stainless Steel Plate, UNS S32750

Description

SuperDuplex has the same benefits as its counterpart – it has lower production costs when compared with similar ferritic and austenitic grades and due to the materials increased tensile and yield strength, in many cases this gives the purchaser the welcomed option of purchasing smaller thicknesses without the need to compromise on quality and performance.

Chemical Composition of S32750

UNS No	S32750
EN	1.441
AISI	2507
Carbon (C)	0.03
Silicon (Si)	0.8
Manganese (Mn)	1.2
Phosphorus (P)	0.035
Sulphur (S)	0.02
Chromium (Cr)	24.0/26.0
Molybdenum (Mo)	3.0/3.5
Nickel (Ni)	6.00/8.00
Nitrogen (N)	0.24/0.32
Other	Cu: 0.50

S32750 is the standard grade of super-duplex stainless steel based on 25% chromium, 7% nickel and significant additions of molybdenum, manganese and nitrogen.

This unique mix of materials makes Duplex 2205 the right choice for a number of different critical applications in a range of industries, including:

Chemical processing, transport, and storage
Marine and Land cargo tanks
Biofuel production
Food processing
Pulp and Paper manufacturing
Oil and gas exploration and processing
Waste management
High chloride environments

Mechanical Properties of S32750

DESCRIPTION	DUPLEX 2205
Proof Stress 0.2% (MPa)	450
Tensile strength (MPa)	620
Elongation A5 (%)	20
Hardness	HB: 293 HRB: 96 (according to Rockwell C Scale)

2507 combines high tensile and impact strength with a low coefficient of thermal expansion and high thermal conductivity.

About UNS32750

2507 is the most common Super Duplex alloy which contains 24% chromium and a minimum of 3% molybdenum. Please refer to the chemical composition and mechanic properties tables below. For information on Duplex alloy please click here.

Benefits Of UNS32750 SuperDuplex Stainless Steel

Improved corrosion resistance in comparison to Duplex
Greater tensile and yield strength
Good ductility and toughness
Good stress corrosion cracking resistance (SSC)
Opportunity for purchases to reduce their material costs without compromising on quality

Applications

SuperDuplex is used in the oil and gas industry, on offshore platforms, in heat exchangers, chemical processing equipment pressure vessels and boilers.

Oil and gas industry equipment
Offshore platforms, heat exchangers, process and service water systems, fire-fighting systems, injection and ballast water systems
Chemical process industries, heat exchangers, vessels, and piping
Desalination plants, high pressure RO-plant and seawater piping
Mechanical and structural components, high strength, corrosion-resistant parts
Power industry FGD systems, utility and industrial scrubber systems, absorber towers, ducting, and piping

Equivalent Standards of 2507 Duplex Stainless Steel:

All of the Duplex 2205 available via Sunny Steel meets industry standards including UNS, ASME, and ASTM.

ASTM/ASME ………. A240 – UNS S32750
EURONORM………… 1.4410 – X2 Cr Ni MoN 25.7.4
AFNOR……………….. Z3 CN 25.06 Az

Standard

The reality is there are many nuances associated with steel plate and failure to understand them will result in many problems throughout its use in a project. The information in this eBook is meant to clear up many misconceptions.

Carbon steel plate is manufactured for a variety of applications based on its carbon content. Low carbon steel plate, depending on its thickness offers characteristics such as maximum cold forming capability, weldability and improved machining. Medium carbon steel plates (.40 – .50) that are silicon killed offers better strength capabilities but have limited machining and welding properties.

Other types of steel plate offer benefits for structure and construction applications, resistance to abrasion, and the ability to withstand high temperatures and pressures. Additionally, steel plate coils are available in low carbon, pickled and oiled, and black steel coils used for precision roller leveling. It may also be used for cutting standard and custom lengths up to 480”.

As there are different sizes, there are different types of steel plate: stainless steel (commonly known), high-carbon, low-carbon, or alloy steel plates. Each of these types of steel plate are used for different applications, some may be household items while others are much larger, like buildings or tanks.

Steel plate standards

It is customary for American made steel plate manufacturers to choose to have their hot rolled plates recognized by several of these governing bodies, such as ASTM International, ANSI, AISC, AISI, ASCE, ASME, and the AWS along with their European Union standards counterparts.

Abbreviation	Full description
ASTM International	American Society for Testing and Materials
ANSI	American National Standards Institute
AISC	American Institute of Steel Construction
AISI	American Iron & Steel Institute
ASCE	American Society of Civil Engineers
ASME	American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AWS	American Welding Society

Shipbuiding standards from different countries

Shipbuilding steel plates are produced under the approval of production methods of classification societies in different countries refers to offshore and marine steels.

ABS (American Bureau of Shipping)
BV (Bureau Veritas)
CCS (China Classification Society)
DNV (Det Norske Veritas)
GL (Germanischer Lloyd)
HR (Hellenic Register of Shipping)
KR (Korean Register of Shipping)
LR (Lloyd’s Register of Shipping)
NK (Nippon Kaiji Kyokai)
RINA (Registro Italiano Navale)
RS (India Register of Shipping)

What is carbon steel?

Iron and carbon are the most abundant materials present in steel. Pure iron is not particularly strong or hard on its own, so it is the addition of carbon that helps give steel its great strength.

The crude iron used to produce steel has a relatively high amount of carbon. Its carbon composition can be as high as 2.1%, which is the greatest amount of carbon a material can contain and still be considered steel.

However, iron can be processed further to reduce carbon. This manipulation of carbon alters several material properties, including:

Strength: The load a material can bear, measured by yield point and tensile strength. Yield point is the point at which a material deforms, but does not break, and tensile strength is the amount of stress needed to actually break a material.

Ductility: The amount a material can be stretched without becoming brittle. Ductility is measured by elongation, which is the percent the length of a material increases before it breaks.

Hardness: The wear resistance of material and machinability of material. This is usually measured on the Rockwell hardness scale or Brinell Hardness scale.

The carbon present in steel is typically reduced so that it fits into three main categories of carbon steel: low (or mild), medium and high carbon steel. Each of these categories contain different levels of carbon, show in the chart below.

Type of carbon steel	Carbon composition
Low carbon/mild	0.05-0.25%
Medium carbon	0.26-0.60%
High carbon	0.61-1.50%

Carbon steel plate almost include all the common standards of steel plate/sheet.

ASTM A36 plates – The most common standards of carbon steel plate
ASTM A283 Grade A, B, C – Also most common material in carbon structural.
ASTM A516 – For boiler, vessel steel plate.
ASTM A537 – For heat treated carbon steel plate in fusion welded pressure vessels and structural steel plates.
ASTM A573 – A kind of structural steel plate with carbon-manganese-silicon.
ASTM A572 – ASTM A572 plate mechanical strength is higher than A36. Where with lower weight.
ASTM A737 – For boiler, pressure vessels steel plate of low alloy steel. and etc..

So carbon steel plates have a widely coverage for different types of steel plates in different industries.

What is low carbon steel?

Also known as mild steel, low carbon steel has low strength relative to steel with higher carbon levels. Low carbon steel is the most ductile – or machinable – type of carbon steel as well.

Chemical alloys can also be added to low carbon steel to enhance desired properties without increasing the material’s weight. For example, if low carbon steel requires greater hardness for its desired application, manganese can be added to increase hardness without adding weight. Low carbon steel that contains additional alloys is typically referred to as high strength, low alloy (HSLA) steel.

Some of the most common low carbon steel plate grades, all stocked by us, include ASTM A36, A572 Grades 42 & 50 and A830-1020. Each of these grades have moderate strength, high ductility and lighter weight due to the low carbon content and addition of other alloys. These properties make low carbon steel ideal for use in structural applications like building construction, bridges and transmission towers, where materials must be able to withstand high stress while also being easy to form into structural shapes.

What is medium carbon steel?

Medium carbon steel provides a balance between low and high carbon steel, offering greater strength and hardness than low carbon steel while still remaining more ductile than high carbon steel. Medium carbon steel also typically contains other alloys, such as manganese, that also contribute to its properties.

In applications where greater toughness and hardness are required, medium carbon steel plate can receive heat treatments – such as quenching and tempering – that enhance these properties without compromising its machinability.

Quenching and tempering is a two-step heat treatment process. In the quenching step of this process, steel is heated to a temperature between 1,500-and 1,650-degrees Fahrenheit, then rapidly cooled with water. In the tempering step, the steel is then re-heated to a below-critical temperature – between 300 and 700 degrees – and air-cooled. This process alters the crystal grain structure of steel to enhance hardness and other mechanical properties.

Two common medium carbon steel plate grades that stocks are ASTM A516 Grade 70 and A830-1045. The moderate carbon composition and additional alloys give these grades – and other medium carbon grades – a balance of strength, hardness, ductility and wear resistance. These properties make medium carbon steel ideal for use in applications where materials must withstand strong forces without breaking or wearing out, such as machine parts – including gears, axles and bolts – pressure vessel tanks and automotive parts and components.

Main steel grades of carbon steel plate

Carbon steel is a steel with carbon content from about 0.05 up to 3.8 per cent by weight.

Standard	Steel Grade
ASTM A36/A36M	A36
ASTM A283/A283M	A283 Grade A	A283 Grade B	A283 Grade C	A283 Grade D
ASTM A514/A514M	A514 Grade A	A514 Grade B	A514 Grade C	A514 Grade E
	A514 Grade F	A514 Grade H	A514 Grade J	A514 Grade K
	A514 Grade M	A514 Grade P	A514 Grade Q	A514 Grade R
	A514 Grade S	A514 Grade T
ASTM A572/A572M	A572 Grade 42	A572 Grade 50	A572 Grade 55	A572 Grade 60
ASTM A572/A572M	A572 Grade 65
ASTM A573/A573M	A573 Grade 58	A573 Grade 65	A573 Grade 70
ASTM A588/A588M	A588 Grade A	A588 Grade C	A588 Grade K	A588 Grade B
ASTM A633/A633M	A633 Grade A	A633 Grade C	A633 Grade D	A633 Grade E
ASTM A656/A656M	A656 Grade 50	A656 Grade 60	A656 Grade 70	A656 Grade 80
ASTM A709/A709M	A709 Grade 36	A709 Grade 50A573Grade70	A709 Grade 50S	A709 Grade 50W
	A709 Grade HPS50W	A709 Grade HPS70W	A709 Grade 100	A709 Grade 100W
	A709 Grade HPS100W
ASME SA36/SA36M	SA36
ASME SA283/SA283M	SA283 Grade A	SA283 Grade B	SA283 Grade C	SA283 Grade D
ASME SA514/SA514M	SA514 Grade A	SA514 Grade B	SA514 Grade C	SA514 Grade E
	SA514 Grade M	SA514 Grade P	SA514 Grade Q	SA514 Grade R
	SA514 Grade S	SA514 Grade T
ASME SA572/SA572M	SA572 Grade 42	SA572 Grade 50	SA572 Grade 55	SA572 Grade 60
ASME SA572/SA572M	SA572 Grade 65
ASME SA573/SA573M	SA573 Grade 58	SA573 Grade 65	SA573 Grade 70
ASME SA588/SA588M	SA588 Grade A	SA588 Grade B	SA588 Grade C	SA588 Grade K
ASME SA633/SA633M	SA633 Grade A	SA633 Grade C	SA633 Grade D	SA633 Grade E
ASME SA656/SA656M	SA656 Grade 50	SA656 Grade 60	SA656 Grade 70	SA656 Grade 80
ASME SA709/SA709M	SA709 Grade 36	SA709 Grade 50	SA709 Grade 50S	SA709 Grade 50W
	SA709 Grade HPS50W	SA709 Grade HPS70W	SA709 Grade 100	SA709 Grade 100W
	SA709 Grade HPS100W
EN10025-2	S235JR	S235J0	S235J2	S275JR
	S275J0	S275J2	S355JR	S355J0
	S355J2	S355K2	S420J0
EN10025-3	S275N	S275NL	S355N	S355NL
EN10025-3	S420N	S420NL	S460N	S460NL
EN10025-4	S275M	S275ML	S355M	S420ML
EN10025-4	S355ML	S460M	S420M	S460ML
EN10025-6	S460Q	S460QL	S460QL1	S500Q
	S500QL	S500QL1	S550Q	S550QL
	S550QL1	S620Q	S620QL	S620QL1
	S690Q	S690QL	S890Q	S690QL1
	S890QL	S890QL1	S960Q	S960QL
JIS G3101	SS330	SS400	SS490	SS540
JIS G3106	SM400A	SM400B	SM400C	SM490A
	SM490B	SM490C	SM490YA	SM490YB
	SM520B	SM520C	SM570
DIN 17100	St37-2	USt37-2	RSt37-2	St37-3
DIN 17100	St52-3
DIN 17102	StE255	WStE255	TStE255	EStE255
	StE285	WStE285	TStE285	EStE285
	StE315	WStE315	TStE315	EStE315
	StE355	WStE355	TStE355	EStE355
	StE380	WStE380	TStE380	EStE380
	StE420	WStE420	TStE420	EStE420
	StE460	WStE460	TStE460	EStE460
	StE500	WStE500	TStE500	EStE500
GB/T700	Q235A	Q235B	Q235C	Q235D
GB/T700	Q275
GB/T1591	Q345A	Q345B	Q345C	Q345D
	Q345E	Q390A	Q390B	Q390C
	Q390D	Q390E	Q420A	Q420B
	Q420C	Q420D	Q420E	Q460C
	Q460D	Q460E
GB/T16270	Q460C	Q460D	Q460E	Q460F
	Q500C	Q500D	Q500E	Q500F
	Q550C	Q550D	Q550E	Q550F
	Q620C	Q620D	Q620E	Q620F
	Q690C	Q690D	Q690E	Q690F
	Q800C	Q800D	Q800E	Q800F
	Q890C	Q890D	Q890E	Q890F
	Q960C	Q960D	Q960E	Q960F

Main steel grades of alloy steel plate

Alloy steel plates are defined as steel plates with a definite range or definite minimum quantity of additional elements, depending on the alloy.

Standard	Steel Grade
EN10083-3	38Cr2	41CrS4	50CrMo4	51CrV4
	46Cr2	25CrMo4	30CrNiMo8	20MnB5
	34Cr4	25CrMoS4	34CrNiMo6	30MnB5
	34CrS4	34CrMo4	35NiCr6	38MnB5
	37Cr4	34CrMoS4	36NiCrMo16	27MnCrB5-2
	37CrS4	42CrMo4	39NiCrMo3	33MnCrB5-2
	41Cr4	42CrMoS4	30NiCrMo16-6	39MnCrB6-2
GB/T 3077	20Mn2	20MnVB	12CrMoV	20CrNi
	30Mn2	40MnVB	35CrMoV	40CrNi
	35Mn2	20MnTiB	12Cr1MoV	45CrNi
	40Mn2	25MnTiBRE	25Cr2MoVA	50CrNi
	45Mn2	15Cr	25Cr2Mo1VA	12CrNi2
	50Mn2	15CrA	38CrMoAl	12CrNi3
	20MnV	20Cr	40CrV	20CrNi3
	27SiMn	30Cr	50CrVA	30CrNi3
	35SiMn	35Cr	15CrMn	37CrNi3
	42SiMn	40Cr	20CrMn	12Cr2Ni4
	20SiMn2MoV	45Cr	40CrMn	20Cr2Ni4
	25SiMn2MoV	50Cr	20CrMnSi	20CrNiMo
	37SiMn2MoV	38CrSi	25CrMnSi	40CrNiMoA
	40B	12CrMo	30CrMnSi	18CrNiMnMoA
	45B	15CrMo	30CrMnSiA	45CrNiMoVA
	50B	20CrMo	35CrMnSiA	18Cr2Ni4WA
	40MnB	30CrMo	20CrMnMo	25Cr2Ni4WA
	45MnB	30CrMoA	40CrMnMo
	20MnMoB	35CrMo	20CrMnTi
	15MnVB	42CrMo	30CrMnTi

Stainless steel plate

Quality stainless steel plates are useful in a wide range of industries as they are generally used in elevators, doors, windows, kitchen utensils, pressure vessels, and much more. This product’s formability, longevity, and resistance to corrosion makes it perfect.

Main chemical elements of normal stainless steel

The main alloying element in the stainless steel composition is Ferrum (Fe) and Chromium (Cr), and only when the Cr percentage composition reaches a certain value, the steel has corrosion resistance.

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Grade	C(%)	Si(%)	Mn(%)	P(%)	S(%)	Ni(%)	Cr(%)
304	0.08	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	8.0~10.5	18.0~20.0
304L	0.03	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	8.0~12.0	18.0~20.0
316	0.08	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	10.0~14.0	16.0~18.0
316L	0.03	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	10.0~14.0	16.0~18.0
316Ti	0.08	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	10.0~14.0	16.0~18.0
321	0.08	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	9.0~12.0	17.0~19.0
317L	0.03	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	11.0~15.0	18.0~20.0
310S	0.08	1.5	2	0.0452	0.03	19.0~22.0	24.0~26.0
347	0.08	0.75	2	0.045	0.03	9.0~13.0	17.0~19.0
S31803	0.03	1	2	0.03	0.02	4.5~6.5	21.0~23.0

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Application

Steel Plate is both corrosion and abrasion-resistant. It is manufactured to a much broader range of thicknesses than ordinary steel sheets. Plate steel is primarily used in applications where a super-structural framework and indestructible durability are required. Not only is it produced for structural purposes, but it can also be implemented for general repairs too. In addition to great reinforcement purposes, Steel Plate is able to withstand immense stress from the harshest natural environments, mainly, the ocean. It serves as a considerable advantage to the world of heavy machinery. Its durability allows for machining and wearable elements to last much longer. Although it’s mostly used for reinforcement and bracing purposes, Plate Steel has proved to have a substantial degree of versatility.

What are the uses of steel plates?

Steel plates can be manufactured by large steel factories or smaller, more specialized plants. Steel plates are one of the many types of steel that can be produced, other types include steel bars, sheets, slabs, rolls, and more. Steel plates are often used for structural and construction applications, pressure vessels, marine and offshore equipment, and military applications. The grade, elements and parameters of a steel plate are also important in how it is used. Construction The construction industry requires many types of steel in all sizes. Steel plates can be found in buildings, bridges and on construction vehicles. Pressure Vessel Plate Pressure vessel plate is a type of steel plate used for storage containers. These storage containers can be boilers, gas tanks, or any unit that stores compressed gas or fluid. They can be manufactured to hold contents at outdoor temperatures or hold contents are more extreme temperatures. Depending on the purpose, these steel plates can be course-grain or fine-grain. Marine Steel plates are also used extensively in the shipbuilding industry. The plates are used for ships and barges or oil rigs and other offshore equipment. They may be manufactured structural parts or they may be implemented as repair pieces. Sometimes extremely durable steel plates are needed, especially in the construction of large offshore facilities. Military Military steel plates are used in tanks, jeeps, trucks and ground vehicles, as well as helicopters, jets and other aircraft. The Navy uses this steel for shipbuilding and naval repair.

Uses for stainless steel plates and sheets

There are many reasons why stainless steel plates are used for a wide variety of applications and products. One main reason is because of its high resistance to oxidation and corrosion. It is also resistant to abrasion and is easy to clean. Stainless steel plates (and stainless steel in general) are also easy to form, has a clean and attractive appearance, and are relatively light yet very durable. These are also pretty malleable without compromising on strength, making it ideal for use with a lot of things. Stainless steel is used by a huge number of industries and by many businesses due to this versatility, strength and corrosion resistance. The usage of these plates often depends on the plate grade. With so many plate grades available, you can be sure that this particular metal does see itself being used for a huge number of applications. Similar to stainless steel plate, the sheet metal has high tensile strength, durability and delivers an exceptional finish. Stainless steel is thus ideal for food production and storage as it does not affect the flavour of the food and the corrosion resistance is an important factor when it comes into contact with acidic foods. Stainless steel is easily cleaned which keeps germs at bay, in turn maintaining the integrity of any sterile environment, including that of the medical industry. Stainless steel sheets, also commonly known as Cold Rolled Products, can be moulded into shapes for making cookware, such as grills, sinks, pots and cookers. Stainless steel sheet is popular as a finish for refrigerators, freezers, countertops and dishwashers. The sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips and is also useful when making licence plates for cars and even the base of light bulbs.

304: For home appliances, cabinets, steel pipes, water heaters, boilers, medical facilities, building materials, chemical industry, food industry, agriculture, ship parts, etc.
304L: Chemical, coal, and petrol industries.
316: For facilities used in seawater, production machines of chemicals, dyes, oxalic acids or fertilizers; food industry, or facilities near seawater.
316L: With special requirements of intergranular corrosion resistance in 316 applications.

Processing service

The processed product does not require further edge optimization, which greatly improves the customer’s production efficiency and reduces production costs.

Cutting & Customization

Laser cutting

Laser cutting is suitable for more complex and high-precision shape and contour materials, especially the cutting of thinner plates, so it is an ideal choice for processing high-end products.

Plasma Cutting

The working area can reach 3×5 meters, and it can cut stainless steel plates of various grades with a thickness of 3-150 mm. In most cases, the cutting needs to be performed underwater, so as to ensure the flatness and straightness of the final parts, while reducing the affected area.

Waterjet cutting

The tolerance of water jet cutting is small and the cutting surface is smooth. During the processing, there will be no oxidation of metal materials, no residual stress and heat-affected zone, avoiding secondary processing, which greatly saves time and manufacturing costs, and achieves the best economic benefits for customers.

Stable Job

Our factory use high-quality imported machine tools. When the machine tool is working, the table and the workpiece will not move. The laser head movement design with small inertia and high dynamic performance is adopted to greatly improve the accuracy and stability of the machine tool. Convenient exchange of tables reduces machine standby time and improves equipment utilization.

Automatic control

The automatic programming software that comes with the cutting machine directly generates the numerical control processing program from the graphic file. At the same time, the communication software can be used to make the CNC and the computer implement two-way communication, and the drawing on the computer is convenient and simple. Automatic nesting and discharging can improve the utilization rate and production efficiency of plates.

High-quality equipment performance

Imported pneumatic components ensure the correct function of the machine tool. Various orchestration can be automatically converted for cutting various materials and plate thicknesses. High-pressure auxiliary gas ensures clean cutting of stainless steel.

Other Steel Plate Fabrication Services

Bending

Final product of steel plate bending is U, V shape and channel steels, steel plate with ductile properties and small thickness size (steel sheet) is suitable for this processing, the core equipment is brake press.

Beveling

Plate beveling is essential for welding treatment, it removes the steel part from the steel edge to create a space for welding material. This processing makes the welding joint more firm for better penetration and deposition.

Pickling

The purpose of plate pickling is to remove impurities of the steel plate on the surface, steel workpiece in high temperature environment inevitably have a oxide layer on steel surface, by dipping in a kind of strong acidic pickle liquor, the impurities like stains, rust, inorganic contaminants and scale can all be cleaned.

Rolling

Hot rolling: hot rolling is the most common production process, final product is covered with rough oxide layer which can be removed in pickling process.
Cold rolling: cold rolling steel has advantages of better surface finish condition and strict tolerance, it can not be used to reducing the steel plate thickness.

Stainless steel sheets & plates finishes

Surface	Characteristic	Summary of manufacturing method	Application
NO.1	Silvery white lackluster	Hot rolled to specified thickness	Do not need to have a glossy surface use
NO.2D	Silvery white	After cold rolling, heat treatment and pickling are carried out	General material, deep material
NO.2B	Gloss is stronger than No.2D	After No.2D treatment, the final light cold rolling is carried out through the polishing roller	The general material
BA	As bright as a sixpence	No standard, but usually a bright annealed surface with high reflectivity.	Building materials, kitchen utensils
NO.3	Rough lapping	Grind with 100~200# (unit) strop tape	Building materials, kitchen utensils
NO.4	Intermediate grinding	Polished surface obtained by grinding with 150~180# strop abrasive tape	Building materials, kitchen utensils
NO.240	Fine lapping	Grinding with 240# strop abrasive tape	kitchenware
NO.320	Very fine grinding	Grinding was carried out with 320# strop abrasive tape	kitchenware
NO.400	The luster is close to BA	Use 400# polishing wheel to grind	General timber, building timber, kitchen appliances
HL	Hairline grinding	Suitable particle material for hair stripe grinding (150~240#) with many grains	Building, construction material
NO.7	It's close to mirror grinding	Use a 600# rotary polishing wheel to grind	For art or decoration
NO.8	Mirror ultrafinish	The mirror is ground with a polishing wheel	Reflector, for decoration

Stainless steel sheet is produced in many types of finishes due to the various uses and applications that stainless steel can be used in. It has become popular in kitchens due to its low maintenance, cleanliness, appearance, and corrosion resistance to food acids and water.

Hot rolling process introduction

Hot rolled steel plate is basic steel plate product state, hot roll means processing temperature is over 1700˚F(re-crystallization temperature),at this temperature, steel forms even and stable structure, hot rolled steel plate can be fabricated easily, cutting, welding, etc, and it is more competitive for lower price than cold rolled steel plate. So knowing what kind of steel you need might help you reduce the cost.

A steel billet is rolled after several passes after heating, and then trimmed to be corrected into a steel sheet. Hot rolling can significantly reduce energy consumption and reduce costs. Steel plasticity is active during hot rolling, and the deformation resistance is low, which means steel billet can be fabricated with lower energy consumption. With the high temperature, the coarse grains in the as-cast state are broken, the cracks are healed, the casting defects are reduced or eliminated, the as-cast microstructure is transformed into a deformed structure to improve the processing properties of the alloy. Then Steel plate size shrinks slightly. Unlike cold rolled steel plate, it has rough surface and un-uniform edge.

Testing

The actual type of certificate that is issued will be dependent of the particular plate supplied, details of this certification are listed below.

EN10204:2004 3.1

This certificate is issued by the mill as a declaration of compliance with the specification and includes test results which are validated by the mill’s own in–house testing department. It is a requirement that this testing arrangement is completely separate and independent of the manufacturing centre.

EN10204:2004 3.2

A more demanding inspection where the steel is inspected not only by the mill but by a third party such as Lloyds Register or TUV. The third party will countersign the certificate which states that the plates are fully compliant with the specification and the test certificate is issued.

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) is a non-destructive testing method where an electrical current is passed through a test specimen forming a magnetic field.

The test is intended to establish if the continuity of the material is intact and identifies surface and near surface flaws. Once magnetised, if there is any discontinuity in the material, the magnetic field will leak. Iron particles are applied to the specimen and if an area of leakage is present the iron particles will be attracted to this area. The build up of these particles indicates potential flaws in the material which can then be investigated further.

Magnetic Particle Inspection is an excellent method for detecting surface or near surface cracks in the material. The specimen should be tested in two directions at 90 degrees because it is possible that a surface crack could be following the direction of the magnetic field. If this were the case the field is unlikely to be interrupted and therefore no flaw would be identified.

PMI test

To ensure the accuracy of the material. Positive Material Identification (PMI) of stainless steel sheets for tube shields is critical to verifying the grade and composition of stainless steel before it goes into production.

Main chemical elements and their functions

Carbon (C) :
1. Improve the deformation resistance and tensile strength of the blade;
2. Enhance hardness and improve wear resistance.

Cr (Cr) :
1. Enhance hardness, tensile strength and toughness;
2. Anti-wear and corrosion.

Cobalt (CO) :
1. Increase the hardness and strength so that it can withstand high temperature quenching;
2. Used to enhance certain individual properties of other elements in more complex alloys.

Copper (Cu) :
1. Enhance corrosion resistance;
2. Enhance wear resistance.

Manganese (Mn) :
1. Increase the quenchability, wear resistance and tensile strength;
2.Removal of oxygen from molten metal by separate oxidation and separate vaporization;
3. When added in large quantities, the hardness is enhanced, but the brittleness is improved.

Molybdenum (Mo) :
1. Enhanced strength, hardness, quenchability and toughness;
2. Improve machinability and corrosion resistance.

Nickel (Ni) :
1. Enhance strength, hardness and corrosion resistance.

Phosphorus (P) :

Enhanced strength, machinability and hardness.

2. When the concentration is too large, it is easy to crack

Silicon (Si) :
1. enhanced ductility;
2. Increase the tensile strength;
3. Removal of oxygen from molten metal by separate oxidation and separate vaporization.

Sulphur (S) : small amount used to improve machinability.
Tungsten (W) : Increases strength, hardness and toughness.
Vanadium (V) : Increases strength, hardness and seismic resistance.

Delivery State

According to requirements of customers, steel plates, steel pipes and other steel products supplied here can be delivered at the following states:

Hot Rolled

No extra heat treatment to steel product after hot rolling or forging, steel plate or pipe is directly delivered after cooling, called hot rolled or hot forging. Final temperature range of the steel product is 800 ~ 960 ℃, generally cooled naturally in the air.

Hot rolling status is simply as normalizing treatment. The difference is that hot rolled final temperature is not steady, while normalizing is more strict at fire heating temperature control, the fluctuations of microstructure and properties of steel is bigger than normalizing.

Cold Drawing

Steel product produced by cold drawing, cold rolling or other cold forming process, could be directly delivered without any heat treatment is known as the cold drawn or cold rolled condition. Compared with the state of hot rolling, forging.

Cold drawing (rolling) state has the advantages of high dimensional accuracy, good surface quality, and have higher mechanical properties. But for steel surface has no oxidation skin coverage for steel product at cold drawing (rolling) delivery status, and has higher internal stress, it is vulnerable to corrosion or rust, so packaging, storage and transportation requires more strict conditions for steel plate or steel pipe of this delivery state, generally use warehouse storage, and temperature and humidity should be controlled within a normal range.

Normalized

Normalize heat treatment temperature (hypo eutectoid steel: Ac3+30 to 50 °C, eutectoid steel: Accm+30 to 50 °C), temperature control is more strict than hot-rolled state, it has uniform performance.

Normalized state,compared with annealed state, due to rapid cooling process of normalizing, the number of pearlite in the microstructure of the steel increased, so it has higher comprehensive mechanical properties and can improve the low carbon steel of the widmanstatten structure and eutectoid cementite network form, it is used to prepare for further heat treatment.

Carbon steel, alloy steel are usually produced at normalizing delivery condition. Some high strength low alloy steel such as 14MnMoVBRE, 14CrMnMoVB steel, in order to obtain Bainite microstructure, also requires normalizing delivery condition.

Annealing

The purpose of annealing is mainly to eliminate the legacy of tissue defects and improve internal stress, it’s the pre-treatment for better organization and performance for after processes.

Alloy structural steel, cold heading steel, bearing steel, tool steel, turbine blade steel, heat resistant stainless steel steel products are commonly used annealing state delivery.

Tempering

High tempering temperature is conducive to eliminate internal stress, improve the plasticity and toughness of carbon structure steel, alloy steel; quench hardenability structural steel are adopted with high temperature tempering state delivery.

Some high strength martensite stainless steel, high-speed tool steel and high strength alloy steel, high temperature tempering is often after quenching (or drawing) process, steel product of this delivery state has good machinability.

Solid Solution State

Solid Solution State is mainly applied to the treatment of austenitic stainless steel. Single-phase austenite is obtained through solid solution treatment, in order to improve the toughness and plasticity of the steel, also prepare for further cold rolled or cold drawn processing.

UNS S32750 Super Duplex Stainless Steel Plate

Description

Chemical Composition of S32750