SA213 T91 Boiler Tube

SA213 T91 Boiler Tube is a seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy steel boiler tube used in superheaters, and heat exchangers.

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Category: Alloy steel pipe Tags: ASTM A213, ASTM A213 T91

Description

SA213 T91 Boiler Tube is a seamless ferritic and austenitic alloy steel boiler tube used in superheaters, and heat exchangers.

Grade T91 is a new ferritic alloy heat resistant steel developed based on grade T9 steel through the process of pure purification, fine crystallization metallurgy, microalloying and controlled rolling. The steel has good comprehensive mechanical properties, good welding properties and good process properties, suitable for high-temperature compression parts of the material.

Sunny Steel is a leading seamless steel tube supplier and manufacturer, we supply ASTM A213 Grade T91 and ASME SA T91 alloy steel pipe and their equivalent material for boiler systems in various sizes and specifications.

We are one of the leading Manufacturers, Supplier and Exporters of high quality ASTM A213 T91 Alloy Steel Seamless Tube. These tubes are widely used in various application industry such as Oil & Gas, Power, Fertilizers, Heat-Exchangers, Paper & Pulp, pharmaceuticals, Chemicals, Water Treatment, Dairy etc.

ASTM A213 T91 and ASTM A335 P91

Grade T91 specified in ASTM A213 which do Ferrite and Austenitic boiler superheater and heat exchanger seamless steel tube while grade P91 specified in ASTM A335 do Ferritic and alloy seamless steel tube intended for high-temperature service. Grade T91 and P91 steel pipes have a similar chemical composition and mechanical properties. As for their difference, we can say that they have been substituted for another one when the same purpose.

SA213 T91 Boiler Tube Equivalent Material

ASTM	DIN	JIS	GB
P91	X10CrMoVNNb91	STBA 26	10Cr9Mo1VNbN

SA213 T91 Boiler Tube Chemical Composition

Grade	C	Mn	P,≤	S,≤	Si	Cr	Mo
T91	0.05–0.15	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.50–1.00	2.65–3.35	0.80–1.06

SA213 T91 Boiler Tube Mechanical Properties

Material	Yield strengthReH/Rp0,2 N/mm² min	Tensile strengthRm N/mm²	Elongation A% min
T91	220Mpa	415Mpa	30

ASTM A209 Through A213

Other standard specifications include the categories of A209 seamless carbon-molybdenum alloy-steel boiler and superheater tubes;
A210 seamless medium-carbon steel boiler and superheater tubes and A213 seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater and heat-exchanger tubes.
Piping wall thicknesses range from 1/2 inch to 5 inches.
A213 grades also have the letter H or M assigned, which changes the composition and specifications for that series.

This abstract is a brief summary of the referenced standard. It is informational only and not an official part of the standard; the full text of the standard itself must be referred to for its use and application. ASTM does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents of this abstract are accurate, complete or up to date.

ASTM A213M-09 Material comparison tables (ASTM →KS, JIS, DIN, BS, NBN, NF, UNI)

Grade	UNS Designation	C	Mn	P	S	Si	Nickel	Chromium	Molybdenum	Vana-	Boron	Niobium	Nitrogen	Aluminum	Tungsten
T2	K11547	0.10–0.20	0.30–0.61	0.025	0.025B	0.10–0.30	...	0.50–0.81	0.44–0.65	...	...	...	...	...	...
T5	K41545	0.15	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.5	...	4.00–6.00	0.45–0.65	...	...	...	...	...	...
T5b	K51545	0.15	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	1.00–2.00	...	4.00–6.00	0.45–0.65	...	...	...	...	...	...
T5c	K41245	0.12	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.5	...	4.00–6.00	0.45–0.65	...	...	...	...	...	...
T9	K90941	0.15	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.25–1.00	...	8.00–10.00	0.90–1.10	...	...	...	...	...	...
T11	K11597	0.05–0.15	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.50–1.00	...	1.00–1.50	0.44–0.65	...	...	...	...	...	...
T12	K11562	0.05–0.15	0.30–0.61	0.025	0.025B	0.5	...	0.80–1.25	0.44–0.65	...	...	...	...	...	...
T17	K12047	0.15–0.25	0.30–0.61	0.025	0.025	0.15–0.35	...	0.80–1.25	...	0.15	...	...	...	...	...
T21	K31545	0.05–0.15	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.50–1.00	...	2.65–3.35	0.80–1.06	...	...	...	...	...	...
T22	K21590	0.05–0.15	0.30–0.60	0.025	0.025	0.5	...	1.90–2.60	0.87–1.13	...	...	...	...	...	...
T23	K40712	0.04–0.10	0.10–0.60	0.03	0.01	0.5	0.4	1.90–2.60	0.05–0.30	0.20–0.30	0.0010–0.006	0.02–0.08	0.015	0.03	1.45–1.75
T24	K30736	0.05–0.10	0.30–0.70	0.02	0.01	0.15–0.45	...	2.20–2.60	0.90–1.10	0.20–0.30	0.0015–0.007	...	0.012	0.02	...
T36	K21001	0.10–0.17	0.80–1.20	0.03	0.025	0.25–0.50	1.00–1.30	0.3	0.25–0.50	0.02	...	0.015–0.045	0.02	0.05	...
T91	K90901	0.07–0.14	0.30–0.60	0.02	0.01	0.20–0.50	0.4	8.0–9.5	0.85–1.05	0.18–0.25	...	0.06–0.10	0.030–0.07	0.02	...
T92	K92460	0.07–0.13	0.30–0.60	0.02	0.01	0.5	0.4	8.5–9.5	0.30–0.60	0.15–0.25	0.001–0.006	0.04–0.09	0.030–0.07	0.02	1.5–2.00
T122	K91271	0.07–0.14	0.7	0.02	0.01	0.5	0.5	10.0–11.5	0.25–0.60	0.15–0.30	0.0005–0.005	0.04–0.10	0.040–	0.02	1.50–2.50
T911	K91061	0.09–0.13	0.30–0.60	0.02	0.01	0.10–0.50	0.4	8.5–9.5	0.90–1.10	0.18–0.25	0.0003–0.006	0.06–0.10	0.040–0.09	0.02	0.90–1.10

Note:

A Maximum, unless range or minimum is indicated. Where ellipses (...) appear in this table, there is no requirement, and analysis for the element need not be determined or reported.

B It is permissible to order T2 and T12 with a sulfur content of 0.045 max. See 16.3.

C Alternatively, in lieu of this ratio minimum, the material shall have a minimum hardness of 275 HV in the hardened condition, defined as after austenitizing and cooling to room temperature but prior to tempering.
Hardness test frequency shall be two samples of product per heat treatment lot and the hardness testing results shall be reported on the material test report.

ASTM A213 Mechanical properties

Grade	Tensile strength (Mpa)	Yield point(Mpa) not less than	Elongation(%) not less than	Impact(J) not less than	Hardness not less than
A213 T2/SA213 T2	≥415	205		"	85HRB
A213 T11/SA213 T11	≥415	205		"	85HRB
A213 T22/SA213 T22	≥415	205		"	85HRB
A213 T23/SA213 T23	≥510	400	20	"	97HRB
A213 T24/SA213 T24	≥585	415	20	"	25HRB
A213 T91/SA213 T91	≥585	415	20	"	25HRB
A213 T911/SA213 T911	≥620	440	20	"	25HRB
A213 T22/SA213 T92	≥620	440	20	"	25HRB
A213 T122/SA213 T122	≥620	400	20		25HRB
TP304H	≥515	205	35		90HRB
TP316H	≥515	205	35		90HRB
TP321H	≥515	205	35		90HRB
TP347H	≥515	205	35		90HRB
S30432	≥590	235	35		95HRB
TP310HCbN	≥655	295	30		100HRB

ASTM A213 tube Size range

NPS, inch	Outside Diameter(mm)	Wall Thickness(mm)	Max. Length(M)
1/8	10,3	1,24; 1,73; 2,40	12
1/4	13,7	1,65; 2,24; 3,02
3/8	17,1	1,65; 2,31; 3,20
1/2	21,3	1,65; 2,11; 2,77; 3,73
3/4	26,7	1,65; 2,11; 2,87; 3,91
1	33,4	1,65; 2,77; 3,38; 4,55	10
1.25	42,4	1,65; 2,77; 3,56; 4,85
1.5	48,3	2,77; 3,68; 5,08
2	60,3	3,91; 5,54	7
2.5	73,0	5,16; 7,01

ASTM A213 Standard Scope

1.1 This specification covers seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater, and heat-exchanger tubes, designated Grades T91, TP304, etc. These steels are listed in Tables 1 and 2.
1.2 Grades containing the letter, H, in their designation, have requirements different from those of similar grades not containing the letter, H. These different requirements provide higher creep-rupture strength than normally achievable in similar grades without these different requirements.
1.3 The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to this specification are 1/8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter to 5 in. [127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.015 to 0.500 in. [0.4 to 12.7 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness or, if specified in the order, average wall thickness. Tubing having other diameters may be furnished, provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.

TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Limits, %A, for Low Alloy SteelA Maximum, unless range or minimum is indicated. Where ellipses (…) appear in this table, there is no requirement, and analysis for the element need not be determined or reported.

B It is permissible to order T2 and T12 with a sulfur content of 0.045 max. See 16.3.

C Alternatively, in lieu of this ratio minimum, the material shall have a minimum hardness of 275 HV in the hardened condition, defined as after austenitizing and cooling to room temperature but prior to tempering. Hardness testing shall be performed at mid-thickness of the product. Hardness test frequency shall be two samples of product per heat treatment lot and the hardness testing results shall be reported on the material test report.

Referenced Documents (purchase separately)

Other ASTM Standards

A262 Practices for Detecting Susceptibility to Intergranular Attack in Austenitic Stainless Steels
A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
A1016/A1016M Specification for General Requirements for Ferritic Alloy Steel, Austenitic Alloy Steel, and Stainless Steel Tubes
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size

ASME SA 213 Grade T5 Alloy Steel Seamless Tubes are minimum-wall-thickness, seamless ferritic and austenitic steel, boiler and superheater tubes and austenitic steel heat-exchanger tubes, designated Grades T5, T11,T22,T91 etc. The tubing sizes and thicknesses usually furnished to ASME SA 213 Grade T5 specification are 1-8 in. [3.2 mm] in inside diameter to 5 in. [127 mm] in outside diameter and 0.015 to 0.500 in. [0.4 to 12.7 mm], inclusive, in minimum wall thickness. SA 213 Tubes having other dimensions may be furnished & provided such tubes comply with all other requirements of this specification.

Wall Thickness : the minimum wall thickness at any point or end on ASME SA 213 pipes and tubes shall not be greater than 12.5% under the nominal thickness specified.

Inner Diameter: For pipe ordered in inside diameter, the inside diameter shall not vary more than ñ 1% from the required/specified inside diameter.

PMI testing

Packing

Process

Cold drawn seamless steel tube deformed process

Cold Drawn Seamless Mechanical Tubing (CDS) is a cold drawn 1018/1026 steel tube which offers uniform tolerances, enhanced machinability and increased strength and tolerances compared to hot-rolled products.

Cold drawn seamless steel tubes process

Cold drawn steel tube is with hot-rolled steel coil as raw material, and tandem cold rolling pickled to remove oxide scale, its finished rolling hard roll, rolling hard volumes due to the continuous cold deformation caused by cold hardening strength, hardness increased indicators declined tough plastic, stamping performance will deteriorate, which can only be used for simple deformation of the parts.

Rolling hard roll can be used as the raw material of the hot-dip galvanizing plant, hot dip galvanizing line set annealing line. Rolling hard roll weight is generally 6 to 13.5 tons, the coil diameter of 610mm.

Hot rolled seamless steel pipe deformed process

Hot-rolled seamless steel pipe production base deformation process can be summarized as three stages: perforation, extension and finishing.

Hot rolled seamless steel pipe deformed process

The main purpose of the perforation process is to become a solid round billet piercing hollow shell. Capillary in the specifications, accuracy and surface quality can not meet the requirements of the finished product, further improvements are needed to deform the metal through. The main purpose of the stretching machine is further reduced sectional view (main compression wall) for a larger axial extension, so that the capillary improved dimensional accuracy, surface quality and organizational performance.

After stretching machine rolled steel pipe shortage collectively need further molding mill in order to achieve the requirements of the finished pipe. Rolled steel due to pass in the method widely used in the production of seamless steel tubes.

So far, due to the method pass rolling steel can be divided into two categories: core pension without rolling rolling (hollow body rolling), and with the mandrel. Sizing machines, reducing mill and stretch reducing mill belonging to the hole without mandrel type continuous rolling mills are generally coffin. Its main purpose is to reduce the diameter of the deformation process or sizing get finished steel, the wall thickness of process control, can make thinning, thickening or nearly unchanged.

All the traditional hole-type rolling machine with mandrel belong to extend machine. The main purpose is to reduce the deformation process perforated capillary wall thickness and outer diameter roll passes in the deformation zone and the mandrel posed, for a larger axial extension. At the same time a certain improvement in the organization, performance, accuracy, surface quality.

Cut to Length

Before cutting pipe and tubing

No matter the material, measure the diameter of the pipe or tube to be cut to ensure that you use the right-size tube cutter for the job. When determining how to make a straight cut, use a tape measure and a pencil or other writing instrument to mark on the surface where you want to cut. If possible, mark around the circumference of a pipe, especially when cutting with a handsaw. Ensure that a cut is as straight as possible by securing the pipe with a vise, clamp, miter box or even duct tape to keep the length from shifting out of place while cutting.

After cutting pipe and tubing

Unless a cut is perfectly clean, you should expect to remove burrs from around the edge, especially after sawing.
Use a deburring tool to clean the edge after tube cutting.
You may opt to use a metal file on the cut of a metal pipe.

Application

Alloy steel pipes are ideally suitable for chemical, petrochemicals, and other energy-related applications.

The alloy steel pipe adopts high quality carbon steel, alloy structural steel and stainless & heat resisting steel as raw material through hot rolling or cold drawn to be made.

Alloy steel can be used in process area where carbon steel has limitation such as

High-temperature services such as heater tubes
Low-temperature services such as cryogenic application
Very high presser service such as steam header

As an important element of steel products, alloy steel pipe can be divided into seamless steel pipe and welded steel pipe according to the manufacturing technique and tube billet shape.

Here you can see the common alloy steel grade that you will come across.

For Pipes: ASTM A335 Gr P1, P5, P11, P9
For Wrought Fittings: ASTM A234 Gr.WP5, WP9, WP11
For Forged Fittings: ASTM A182 F5, F9, F11 etc.

Why the application of alloy steel pipe is wider than others

There are many kinds of materials used for transport in industrial production. Specifically we will have more choices and it is not limited to the use of alloy steel pipe. But even in the face of more choices, many people tend to choose alloy steel pipe. People make their own choices will have their own reasons. This means the alloy steel pipe application has its own advantages. Compared with transmission lines made of other materials, after it meets the basic application requirements, its quantity is lighter. Then in the practical application of alloy steel pipe, it will have more advantages because of this. Besides its physical characteristic advantage, it also has economic advantages. The wide application of alloy steel pipe is with kinds of reasons. So in practical usage, we can exploit the advantages to the full, in this way can we get more profits in these applications of alloy steel pipe.

What requirements should alloy steel pipe application meet

The transportation of kinds of gases or liquids in production needs to rely on alloy steel pipe. This shows that the actual role of alloy steel pipe application is important. High temperature resistant and low temperature resistant is the tolerance of temperature. In the practical application of alloy steel pipe, there will be many materials need to be transported. However their temperatures are not the same. So this can be the basic requirement to alloy steel pipe. It needs more corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistant material is the best material during transporting, because it is corrosion resistant. So it can be used in more occasions. And it is definitely very convenient for users.

The biggest advantages of alloy steel pipe

Can be 100% recycled, environmentally friendly, energy-saving, resource conservation, national strategy, national policy to encourage the expansion of the field of application of high-pressure alloy pipe. Of alloy steel pipe total consumption accounted steel in the proportion is only half of the developed countries, to expand the field of use of the alloy steel pipe to provide a wider space for the development of the industry. The future needs of the average annual growth of China’s high-pressure alloy steel pipe long products up to 10-12%.

Specification, standard and identification of alloy steel pipes

Alloy Steel pipe contains substantial quantities of elements other than carbon such as nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium and limited amounts of other commonly accepted elements such as manganese, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorous.

Industries We Serve

Our team of experienced sales specialists proudly partners with gas and chemical processors, power generation plants, oil refineries, and related industries to offer piping components and value-added services.

The biggest advantages of alloy steel pipe can be 100% recycled, environmentally friendly, energy-saving, resource conservation, national strategy, national policy to encourage the expansion of the field of application of high-pressure alloy pipe. Of alloy tube total consumption accounted steel in the proportion is only half of the developed countries, to expand the field of use of the alloy tube to provide a wider space for the development of the industry. According to the Chinese Special Steel Association alloy pipe Branch Expert Group, the future needs of the average annual growth of China’s high-pressure alloy pipe long products up to 10-12%.

Q&A

Alloying Elements

Alloying Elements	Effect on the Properties
Chromium	Increases Resistance to corrosion and oxidation. Increases hardenability and wear resistance. Increases high temperature strength.
Nickel	Increases hardenability. Improves toughness. Increases impact strength at low temperatures.
Molybdenum	Increases hardenability, high temperature hardness, and wear resistance. Enhances the effects of other alloying elements. Eliminate temper brittleness in steels. Increases high temperature strength.
Manganese	Increases hardenability. Combines with sulfur to reduce its adverse effects.
Vanadium	Increases hardenability, high temperature hardness, and wear resistance. Improves fatigue resistance.
Titanium	Strongest carbide former. Added to stainless steel to prevent precipitation of chromium carbide.
Silicon	Removes oxygen in steel making. Improves toughness. Increases hardness ability
Boron	Increases hardenability. Produces fine grain size.
Aluminum	Forms nitride in nitriding steels. Produces fine grain size in casting. Removes oxygen in steel melting.
Cobalt	Increases heat and wear resistance.
Tungsten	Increases hardness at elevated temperatures. Refines grain size.

Commonly used alloying elements and their effects are listed in the table given below.

The most important and desired changes in alloy steel are

Alloy steels are made by combining carbon steel with one or several alloying elements, such as manganese, silicon, nickel, titanium, copper, chromium and aluminum. These metals are added to produce specific properties that are not found in regular carbon steel. The elements are added in varying proportions (or combinations) making the material take on different aspects such as increased hardness, increased corrosion resistance, increased strength, improved formability (ductility); the weldability can also change.

Increased hardenability.
Increased corrosion resistance.
Retention of hardness and strength.
Nearly all alloy steels require heat treatment in order to bring out their best properties.

Alloying Elements & Their Effects

Chromium – Adds hardness. Increased toughness and wear resistance.
Cobalt – Used in making cutting tools; improved Hot Hardness (or Red Hardness).
Manganese – Increases surface hardness. Improves resistance to strain, hammering & shocks.
Molybdenum – Increases strength. Improves resistance to shock and heat.
Nickel – Increases strength & toughness. Improves corrosion resistance.
Tungsten – Adds hardness and improves grain structure. Provides improved heat resistance.
Vanadium – Increases strength, toughness and shock resistance. Improved corrosion resistance.
Chromium-Vanadium – Greatly improved tensile strength. It is hard but easy to bend and cut.

Pipes, Tubes and Hollow Sections

Norms:

API 5L – Line Pipe
ASTM A 53 – Black and Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless, Steel Pipe
ASTM A 106 – Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A 213 – Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, and Heat-Exchanger Tubes
ASTM A 269 – Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service
ASTM A 312 – Seamless, Welded, and Heavily Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes
ASTM A 333 – Seamless and Welded Steel Pipe for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A 335 – Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service
ASTM A 358 – Electric-Fusion-Welded Austenitic Chromium-Nickel Stainless Steel Pipe for High-Temperature Service and General Applications
ASTM A 671 – Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for Atmospheric and Lower Temperatures
ASTM A 672 – Electric-Fusion-Welded Steel Pipe for High-Pressure Service at Moderate Temperatures
ASTM A 790 – Seamless and Welded Ferritic/Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipe
ASTM A 928 – Ferritic/Austenitic (Duplex) Stainless Steel Pipe Electric Fusion Welded with Addition of Filler Metal
EN 10208-2 – Steel pipes for pipelines for combustible fluids – Part 2: Pipes of requirement class B
EN 10210-1/2 – Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
EN 10216-1 – Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
EN 10216-2 – Seamless steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 2: Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10217-1 – Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 1: Non-alloy steel tubes with specified room temperature properties
EN 10217-2 – Welded steel tubes for pressure purposes – Part 2: Electric welded non-alloy and alloy steel tubes with specified elevated temperature properties
EN 10219-1/2 – Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
EN 10297-1 – Seamless circular steel tubes for mechanical and general engineering purposes – Part 1 Non-alloy and alloy steel tubes

Grade:

API 5L Gr. A, B, X42, X52, X60, X65, X70
ASTM A 53 Gr. A, Gr. B
ASTM A106 Gr. A, B, C
ASTM A 213 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H, T5, T9, T11
ASTM A 269 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H
ASTM A 312 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H
ASTM A 333 Gr. 3, Gr. 6 ASTM A 335 P1, P2, P5, P9, P11, P12, P22, P91, P92
ASTM A 358 TP 304, 304L, 304H, 316, 316L, 316H, 321, 321H
ASTM A 671 CC 60, CC 65, CC 70
ASTM A 672 CC 60, CC 65, CC 70
ASTM 790 UNS S31803, UNS S32205, UNS S32750, UNS S32760
ASTM A928
EN 10208-2 L245, L 290, L360
EN 10210-1 S235 JRH, S275 JOH, S275 J2H, S355 JOH, S355 J2H
EN 10216-1 P235 TR1/2
EN 10216-2 P235 GH, P265 GH
EN 10217-1 P235 TR1/2, P275 TR1/2
EN 10217-2 P235 GH, P265 GH
EN 10219-1 S235 JRH, S275 JOH, S275 J2H, S355 JOH, S355 J2H
EN 10297-1 E235, E275, E315, E355, E470

SA213 T91 Boiler Tube