Big diameter elbows

Big diameter elbow is curved connecting pieces that join straight lengths of pipe, commonly at a 90° or 45° angle, allowing obstructions to be avoided in plumbing, ventilation, welding, and automotive applications.

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Category: Pipe elbows

Description

The 90 reducing elbow is designed to change direction as well as reduce the size of the pipe within a piping system. The reducing elbow eliminates one pipe fitting and reduces the welding by more than one-third. Also, the gradual reduction in diameter throughout the arc of the reducing elbow provides lower resistance to flow and reduces the effect of stream turbulence and potential internal erosion. These features prevent sizeable pressure drops in the line.

When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.

Normally long radius elbows are used in piping as pressure loss is less as compared to short radius elbow. It required more space than short radius elbow.

An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 180° or 90° angle, though 45° elbows are also made. The ends may be machined for butt welding (SW) or socketed welding(SW) etc.

Types of reducing elbow:
The reducing elbows are available in various types like:

90° reducing elbow
45° reducing elbow
135° reducing elbow
180° reducing elbow etc

Features of reducing elbows

Some features that are available in reducing elbows are as follows:

Usually healthy and non-toxic, free of stain and scale
High temperature resistance
High pressure resistance
Hot welding connection adopted
Leakage effectively prevented
Excellent heat insulation property
Light weight, easy to handle and transport
Smooth inner wall which reduces the pressure loss and increases the flow speed
Low noise
Excellent design, suitable for installation either exposed or hidden
Wonderful ability in chemical corrosion resistance
Easy and fast installation

Carbon steel elbow material specification

Material	Steel pipe	Elbow fitting
Carbon Steel	A106 Gr A	A234 Gr WPA
	A106 Gr B	A234 Gr WPB
	A106 Gr C	A234 Gr WPC
Carbon steel, alloy, high-temp	A335 Gr P1	A234 Gr WP1
	A335 Gr P11	A234 Gr WP11
	A335 Gr P12	A234 Gr WP12
	A335 Gr P22	A234 Gr WP22
	A335 Gr P5	A234 Gr WP5
	A335 Gr P9	A234 Gr WP9
Carbon steel alloy low-temp	A333 Gr 6	A420 Gr WPL6
Carbon steel alloy low-temp	A333 Gr 3	A420 Gr WPL3

ASTM/ ASME A234 WPB / A860 – MSS-SP-75 WPHY 42 / 46 / 52 / 56 / 60 / 65 / 70 Elbow
Low temperature Steel: A420 WPL3 / A420 WPL6 Elbow
Size range: 1/2 to 56 inches (DN 15 to DN 1,400mm), 22.5 Deg, 45 Deg, 90 Deg, 180 Deg

Varieties classification

Carbon steel elbow is first divided into its radius of curvature, which can be divided into long radius elbows and short radius elbows. The long-radius elbow refers to its radius of curvature equal to 1.5 times the outer diameter of the tube, ie R = 1.5D. A short-radius elbow means that its radius of curvature is equal to the outer diameter of the tube, ie R = 1.0D. (D is the diameter of the elbow, and R is the radius of curvature. D can also be expressed in terms of folds.) If there are 17 levels depending on the pressure rating, the same standards as in the U.S. tube are: Sch5s, Sch10s, Sch10 , Sch20, Sch30, Sch40s, STD, Sch40, Sch60, Sch80s, XS; Sch80, Sch100, Sch120, Sch140, Sch160, XXS, the most commonly used are STD and XS. According to the angle of the elbow, there are 45° elbows, 90° elbows and 180° elbows.

What is the radius of curvature?

Radius of curvature is the curvature of a curve. The curvature of a plane curve is defined as the rotation rate of the tangent angle of a point on the curve to the length of the arc. It is defined by differentiation and it shows the degree of the curve deviating from the line. The reciprocal of curvature is the radius of curvature. The radius of curvature is mainly used to describe the extent of curvature variation of a point on a curve.

Technical requirements for the long radius elbow

It is required that the radius of curvature should be controlled. For example, if the radius is 1.5D, then the radius of curvature must be within the required tolerance range. Because most of these pipe fittings are used for welding, in order to improve the quality of welding, the end will be turned into the groove and it will keep the certain angle and edge. This requirement is quite strict, and the thickness of the edge, the angle as well as the deviation range are all defined. There are more requirements on the physical dimension of long radius elbows than those on the pipe fittings. The surface quality and mechanical properties of the elbow are almost the same as the pipe’s. To facilitate welding, the long radius elbow should be made of the same kind material of the pipe to be connected.

Long Radius Elbow VS Short Radius Elbow

The elbow is divided into its radius of curvature and can be divided into a long radius elbow and a short radius elbow. The long radius elbow refers to the outer diameter of the tube whose radius of curvature is equal to 1.5 times, that is, R = 1.5D. A short radius elbow means that its radius of curvature is equal to the outer diameter of the tube, ie R = D. Where D is the diameter of the elbow and R is the radius of curvature. Normal use of the length of the radius Sometimes to reduce the loss of resistance or elbow wear, the elbow with a larger bending radius will be used (in fact, it is not called elbow); when there is a limit on the installation position, a short radius elbow will be used.

When to choose a long radius elbow or a short radius elbow?

There are two types of pipe sizes for process installation, namely pipe outer diameter and nominal size. D, DN, refers to the nominal size of the pipe. It does not represent the inner diameter of the pipe or the outer diameter of the pipe. It is a nominal size designed and used. The elbow is the elbow, and the manufacturing method is divided into the push elbow, the extrusion elbow and the welded miter elbow. The structure length is 1.0D, 1.5D, 2.0D.

At present, there are two kinds of norms implemented in this area in China: metric and imperial. For example: 1.5D steel seamless elbow, DN100 outer diameter ¢108 and ¢114.3, actual structural length L152, DN200 outer diameter ¢219 and ¢216.3, actual structural length L302. In use, long radius elbow (R = 15DN): in general, should be preferred; short radius elbow (R = 1.0DN): mostly used in applications where size is limited. Its high working pressure should not exceed 0.8 times of the long radius elbow of the same specification.

Elbow (R=nDN): used to moderate the scouring and kinetic energy of the media at the bend, available to R=3DN, 6DN, 10DN, 20DN. According to different manufacturing methods, it is divided into push elbow, extrusion elbow and welded miter elbow.

Pushing elbows and extrusion elbows: Commonly used for welding mitered elbows on medium and small-sized pipes with strict media conditions: It is often used on large-sized pipes with moderate media conditions, and the bending radius is not to be less than its nominal diameter. 1.5 times. When the miter angle of the miter elbow is greater than 450, it should not be used on highly toxic, flammable medium pipes, or on pipes subjected to mechanical vibration, pressure pulsation and alternating load due to temperature changes.

So how do we buy qualified elbows? Detecting the back arc of the elbow: Seamless elbow detection of the thickness of the back arc is an important task. Many large pipe elbow manufacturers or strict engineering inspection of the back arc is a must. It is related to the safety and stability of the pipeline operation.

Everyone knows that both the seamless steel pipe and the seamless elbow are under pressure, that is, the pressure is very large when running. Under normal circumstances, the safety factor of the thickness of the seamless elbow designed and installed is about six times. For example, the 219*8 seamless elbow, the pipeline medium is ordinary water, the temperature is usually not higher than one hundred degrees Celsius, and the pressure required to blast such a seamless elbow is about 300 kg, that is to say, The pressure inside the pipeline needs to reach PN30, and the seamless elbow will be blasted, and the operating pressure of this elbow is probably about it. It is estimated that the maximum will not exceed PN6.4, which is generally around PN4.0, of course. With the corrosion of the pipeline, the seamless elbow will also be corroded to varying degrees. In order to ensure its safe operation, the necessity of overhaul is also great.

The current process of making seamless elbows will lead to the phenomenon of back arc thinning. Under normal circumstances, the wall thickness of the mouth will be about two millimeters thinner than the back arc. The common thickness and pressure are not thinner even if the back arc is thinned. There will be too many safety hazards, because the elbow has not been replaced until the elbow has a dangerous accident. But as a rigorous project, what is not the same, and the medium inside the pipeline is also responsible, not just water. There may be oil or other impurities, the temperature is high and the pressure is high, and the thickness of the back arc as the weak place determines the life of the seamless elbow. Therefore, the importance of detecting the back arc is naturally great. With the thickness gauge, read the thickness of a point at the elbow directly.

How to purchase pipe elbows?

Detecting the back arc of the elbow: Seamless elbow detection of the thickness of the back arc is an important task. Many large pipe elbow manufacturers or strict engineering inspection of the back arc is a must. It is related to the safety and stability of the pipeline operation.

Everyone knows that both the pipeline and the seamless elbow are under pressure, that is, the pressure is very large when running. Under normal circumstances, the safety factor of the thickness of the seamless elbow designed and installed is about six times. For example, the 219*8 seamless elbow, the pipeline medium is ordinary water, the temperature is usually not higher than one hundred degrees Celsius, and the pressure required to blast such a seamless elbow is about 300 kg, that is, The pressure inside the pipeline needs to reach PN30, and the seamless elbow will be blasted, and the operating pressure of this elbow is probably about it. It is estimated that the maximum will not exceed PN6.4, which is generally around PN4.0, of course. With the corrosion of the pipeline, the seamless elbow will also be corroded to varying degrees. In order to ensure its safe operation, the necessity of overhaul is great.

The current process of making seamless elbows will lead to the phenomenon of back arc thinning. Under normal circumstances, the wall thickness of the mouth will be about two millimeters thinner than the back arc. The common thickness and pressure will not be thin even if the back arc is thinned. There are too many safety hazards, because the elbow has not been replaced until the elbow has a dangerous accident. But as a rigorous project, what is not the same, and the medium inside the pipeline is also responsible, not just water. There may be oil or other impurities, the temperature is high and the pressure is high, and the thickness of the back arc as the weak place determines the life of the seamless elbow. Therefore, the importance of detecting the back arc is naturally great. With a thickness gauge, read the thickness of a point at the elbow directly.

Detect the inner and outer diameters of the elbow: For example, the outer diameter dimension D of the elbow is detected: the data of the upper limit and the lower limit are referenced, and the actually measured outer diameter of the product is qualified between the upper and lower limits, and the unqualified product is outside the upper or lower limit range.

Detect the wall thickness of the elbow: use the thickness gauge to directly read the thickness of the thinnest part of the elbow.

Detect the center height of the elbow: first measure the length of the outer circle of the elbow. Using this length value /1.57, the value obtained by subtracting half of the diameter of the elbow is the center height of the elbow.

Detecting the weight of the elbow: The elbow is made of steel pipe. We only know the weight of the elbow when the elbow is cut, and the size of the elbow and the back arc of the elbow. The dimensions are basically the same. Let’s calculate the length of the back arc of the elbow: the diameter of the elbow is D, the radius of curvature is 1.5D, and the length of the back arc of the elbow is (1.5+0.5)*D*2*3.14/4 Simplification we can get, 1.5 times elbow back arc length L = D * 3.14. This is only an estimate. The value of the Chinese standard is slightly smaller than this value. After the length of the back arc is L, the weight of the steel pipe is calculated by the calculation formula of the steel pipe: (Da)*a*0.02466*L/1000, ( a is the wall thickness of the elbow), the unit of this weight is KG, so we can get the weight of the carbon steel elbow. If it is a stainless steel elbow, just replace 0.02466 with 0.02491. The calculated theoretical weight is then compared to the actual weight.

Radiographic inspection of elbows: Radiographic inspection detects volumetric defects of elbows, such as pores, slag inclusions, shrinkage cavities, and looseness.

Wall Thickness of Elbows

The weakest point on an elbow is the inside radius. ASME B16.9 only standardizes the center to face dimensions and some “squareness” dimensional tolerances. The wall thickness at the weld line location even is standardized, but not through the rest of an elbow. The standard states that the minimum tolerance will be within 12.5% of the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe. A maximum tolerance is specified only at the ends of the fitting.

Many providers of buttweld elbows (and tees) provide one schedule greater thickness so that sufficient wall thickness, after forming, remains.

Steel Pipe Elbow Coating

Along with build quality, the longevity and reliability of steel pipe elbows are highly dependent on the type and quality of the coating used. However, applying coatings to pipe elbows is not just about preventing corrosion, but can affect the evenness of flow through the pipe and the need to prevent contamination of pipe contents ((e.g. foodstuffs or drinking water). We offer corrosion resistance coating service for steel pipe elbow, our coating service includes light oiling, black painting, FBE coating, 2 layers or 3 layers PE coating, hot-dip galvanizing.

Standard

Pipe fitting dimensions are in either metric or Standard English. Because pipe fitting covers Pipe Fitting Dimensions several aspects, only the most common pipe fitting sizes can be given here. The most applied version is the 90° long radius and the 45° elbow, while the 90° short radius elbow is applied if there is too little space. The function of a 180° elbow is to change direction of flow through 180°. Both, the LR and the SR types have a center to center dimension double the matching 90° elbows. These fittings will generally be used in furnesses or other heating or cooling units.

Some of the standards that apply to buttwelded fittings are listed below. Many organizations such as ASME, ASTM, ISO, MSS, etc. have very well developed standards and specifications for buttwelded fittings. It is always up to the designer to ensure that they are following the applicable standard and company specification, if available, during the design process.

Some widely used pipe fitting standards are as follows:

ASME: American Society for Mechanical Engineers
This is one of the reputed organizations in the world developing codes and standards.
The schedule number for pipe fitting starts from ASME/ANSI B16. The various classifications of ASME/ANSI B16 standards for different pipe fittings are as follows:

ASME/ANSI B16.1 – 1998 – Cast Iron Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.3 – 1998 – Malleable Iron Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.4 – 1998 – Cast Iron Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.5 – 1996 – Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.11 – 2001 – Forged Steel Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
ASME/ANSI B16.14 – 1991 – Ferrous Pipe Plugs, Bushings and Locknuts with Pipe Threads
ASME/ANSI B16.15 – 1985 (R1994) – Cast Bronze Threaded Fittings
ASME/ANSI B16.25 – 1997 – Buttwelding Ends
ASME/ANSI B16.36 – 1996 – Orifice Flanges etc.

ASTM International: American Society for Testing and Materials
This is one of the largest voluntary standards development organizations in the world. It was originally known as the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).

ASTM A105 / A105M – Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications
ASTM A234 / A234M – Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A403 / A403M – Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
ASTM A420 / A420M – Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service

AWWA: American Water Works Association

AWWA About – Established in 1881, the American Water Works Association is the largest nonprofit, scientific and educational association dedicated to managing and treating water, the world’s most important resource.

AWWA C110 – Ductile-Iron and Gray-Iron Fittings, 3 Inch Through 48 Inch (75 mm Through 1200 mm), for Water and Other Liquids
AWWA C208 – Dimensions for Fabricated Steel Water Pipe Fittings

ANSI: The American National Standards Institute

ANSI is a private, non-profit organization. Its main function is to administer and coordinate the U.S. voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. It provides a forum for development of American national standards. ANSI assigns “schedule numbers”. These numbers classify wall thicknesses for different pressure uses.

MSS STANDARDS: Manufacturers Standardization Society
The Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve and Fittings Industry is a non-profit technical association organized for development and improvement of industry, national and international codes and standards for: Valves, Valve Actuators, Valve Modification, Pipe Fittings, Pipe Hangers, Pipe Supports, Flanges and Associated Seals

MSS SP-43 – Wrought Stainless Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Including Reference to Other Corrosion Resistant Materials
MSS SP-75 – Specifications for High Test Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
MSS SP-73 – Brazing Joints for Copper and Copper Alloy Pressure Fittings
MSS SP-83 – Class 3000 Steel Pipe Unions, Socket-Welding and Threaded
MSS SP-97 – Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet Fittings — Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends
MSS SP-106 – Cast Copper Alloy Flanges and Flanged Fittings Class 125,150, and 300
MSS SP-119 – Factory-Made Wrought Belled End Socket Welding Fittings

Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”:

Piping codes imply the requirements of design, fabrication, use of materials, tests and inspection of various pipe and piping system. It has a limited jurisdiction defined by the code. On the other hand, piping standards imply application design and construction rules and requirements for pipe fittings like adapters, flanges, sleeves, elbows, union, tees, valves etc. Like a code, it also has a limited scope defined by the standard.

Factors affecting standards: “Standards” on pipe fittings are based on certain factors like as follows:

Pressure-temperature ratings
Size
Design
Coatings
Materials
Marking
End connections
Dimensions and tolerances
Threading
Pattern taper etc.

BSP: British Standard Pipe

BSP is the U.K. standard for pipe fittings. This refers to a family of standard screw thread types for interconnecting and sealing pipe ends by mating an external (male) with an internal (female) thread. This has been adopted internationally. It is also known as British Standard Pipe Taper threads (BSPT )or British Standard Pipe Parallel (Straight) threads (BSPP ). While the BSPT achieves pressure tight joints by the threads alone, the BSPP requires a sealing ring.

JIS: Japanese Industrial Standards

This is the Japanese industrial standards or the standards used for industrial activities in Japan for pipe, tube and fittings and published through Japanese Standards Associations.

NPT: National Pipe Thread

National Pipe Thread is a U.S. standard straight (NPS) threads or for tapered (NPT) threads. This is the most popular US standard for pipe fittings. NPT fittings are based on the internal diameter (ID) of the pipe fitting.

BOLTS & NUTS

We are manufacturer of Flange bolts & Nuts and supply high quality

A193 = This specification covers alloy and stainless steel bolting material for pressure vessels, Valves, flanges, and fittings for high temperature or high pressure service, or other special purpose applications.
A320 = Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Bolting Materials for Low-Temperature Service.
A194 = Standard specification for nuts in many different material types.

AN: Here, “A” stands for Army and “N” stands for Navy

The AN standard was originally designed for the U.S. Military. Whenever, a pipe fitting is AN fittings, it means that the fittings are measured on the outside diameter of the fittings, that is, in 1/16 inch increments.

For example, an AN 4 fitting means a fitting with an external diameter of approximately 4/16″ or ¼”. It is to be noted that approximation is important because AN external diameter is not a direct fit with an equivalent NPT thread.

Dash (-) size

Dash size is the standard used to refer to the inside diameter of a hose. This indicates the size by a two digit number which represents the relative ID in sixteenths of an inch. This is also used interchangeably with AN fittings. For example, a Dash “8” fitting means an AN 8 fitting.

ISO: International Organization for Standardization

ISO is the industrial pipe, tube and fittings standards and specifications from the International Organization for Standardization. ISO standards are numbered. They have format as follows:

“ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnnn[:yyyy] Title” where

nnnnn: standard number
yyyy: year published, and
Title: describes the subject

How are pipe fittings measured?

Pipe fittings are measured by their diameter, wall thickness (known as “schedule”), and shape or configuration. (Fittings are also defined by their material grade and whether they are welded or seamless.)

Diameter refers to outside diameter of a pipe or fitting.

The North American standard is known as Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). The International Standard is known as Diameter Nominal (DN). Pipes and fittings are actually made in similar sizes around the world: they are just labeled differently.

From ½ in to 12 inch “Nominal Pipe Size”, outside diameters are slightly larger than indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.

From 14 in and larger “Nominal Pipe Size”, outside diameters are exactly as indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.
As with other North American standards (inch, foot, yard, mile, …), many pipe standards (diameters up to 12 inch and wall thickness) are based on historical precedents (a toolmaker’s dies during US Civil War) rather than a “scientific” method.

Schedule Numbers

The schedule numbers are used by the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) to denote wall thickness. The schedule numbers encompass all pipe dimensions beginning at NPS 1/8” up NPS 36”. Note that this configuration is only for fittings that match with a particular ANSI schedule number.

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures.

Schedule, often shortened as sch, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting. Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.
Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS. (S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)
Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

What does “schedule” mean for pipe fittings?

Schedule, often shortened as SCH, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting.

What is schedule 40, SCH80?

Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.

Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS.
(S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)

Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

General standard

Standard	Specification
ASTM A234	Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Service
ASTM A420	Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service
ASTM A234 WPB	ASTM A234 is Standard Specification for steel pipe fittings includes carbon and alloy steel material for moderate and high temperature services. WPB is one of the steel grade in this standard
ASME B16.9	ASME B16.9 Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances,ratings, testing, and markings for factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 48 (DN 15 through DN 1200).
ASME B16.28	ASME B16.28 Standard covers ratings, overall dimensions, testing, tolerances, and markings for wrought carbon and alloy steel buttwelding short radius elbows and returns.
MSS SP-97	MSS SP-97 Standard Practice covers essential dimensions, finish, tolerances, testing, marking, material, and minimum strength requirements for 90 degree integrally reinforced forged branch outlet fittings of buttwelding, socket welding, and threaded types.
ASTM A403	Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings.

Wide variety for all areas of application

DIN	EN	ASME
St 35.8 I St 35.8 III 15 Mo 3 13 CrMo 4 4 10 CrMo 9 10 St 35 N St 52.0 St 52.4	P235GH-TC1 P235GH-TC2 16Mo3 13CrMo4-5 10CrMo9-10 X10CrMoVNb9-1 P215NL P265NL L360NB L360NE P355N P355NL1 P355NH	WPB WPL6 WPL3 WPHY 52 WP11 WP22 WP5 WP9 WP91 WP92

ASTM A234

ASTM A234/ASME SA234M standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for moderate and high temperature service.

Chemical Composition (%) of ASTM A234/A234M

Grade	Type	C	Si	S	P	Mn	Cr	Ni	Mo	Other	ób	ós	δ5
WPB	0.3	0.1min	0.058	0.05	0.29-1.06	0.4	0.4	0.15	V:0.06;Nb:0.02	415-585	240	22	197
WPC	0.35	0.1min	0.058	0.05	0.29-1.06	0.4	0.4	0.15	V:0.06;Nb:0.02	485-655	275	22	197
WP1	0.28	0.1-0.5	0.045	0.045	0.3-0.9			0.44-0.65		380-550	205	22	197
WP12 CL1	0.05-0.2	0.6	0.045	0.045	0.3-0.8	0.8-1.25		0.44-0.65		415-585	220	22	197
WP12 CL2	0.05-0.2	0.6	0.045	0.045	0.3-0.8	0.8-1.25		0.44-0.65		485-655	275	22	197
WP11 CL1	0.05-0.15	0.5-1	0.03	0.03	0.3-0.6	1-1.5		0.44-0.65		415-585	205	22	197
WP11 CL2	0.05-0.2	0.5-1	0.04	0.04	0.3-0.8	1-1.5		0.44-0.65		485-655	275	22	197
WP11 CL3	0.05-0.2	0.5-1	0.04	0.04	0.3-0.8	1-1.5		0.44-0.65		520-690	310	22	197
WP22 CL1	0.05-0.15	0.5	0.04	0.04	0.3-0.6	1.9-2.6		0.87-1.13		415-585	205	22	197
WP22 CL3	0.05-0.15	0.5	0.04	0.04	0.3-0.6	1.9-2.6		0.87-1.13		520-690	310	22	197
WP5 CL1	0.15	0.5	0.03	0.04	0.3-0.6	4-6		0.44-0.65		415-585	205	22	217
WP5 CL3	0.15	0.5	0.03	0.04	0.3-0.6	4-6		0.44-0.65		520-690	310	22	217
WP9 CL1	0.15	1	0.03	0.03	0.3-0.6	8-10		0.9-1.1		415-585	205	22	217
WP9 CL3	0.15	1	0.03	0.03	0.3-0.6	8-10		0.9-1.1		520-690	310	22	217
WPR	0.2		0.05	0.045	0.4-1.06		1.6-2.24			435-605	315	22/28	217
WP91	0.08-0.12	0.2-0.5	0.01	0.02	0.3-0.6	8-9.5	0.4	0.85-1.05	See sdandard	585-760	415	20	248
WP911	0.09-0.13	0.1-0.5	0.01	0.02	0.3-0.6	8.5-10.5	0.4	0.9-1.1	See sdandard	620-840	440	20	248

Notes:

For each reduction of 0.01% below the specified C maximum, an increase of 0.06% Mn above the specified maximum will be permitted, up to a maximum of 1.35%.
The sum of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Mo shall not exceed 1.00%.
The sum of Cr and Mo shall not exceed 0.32%.
The maximum carbon equivalent (C.E.) shall be 0.50, based on heat analysis and the formula C.E.=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15.

Mechanical properties of ASTM A234

Tensile Requirements	WPB	WPC, WP11CL2	WP11CL1	WP11CL3
Tensile Strength, min, ksi[MPa] (0.2% offset or 0.5% extension-under-load)	60-85 [415-585]	70-95 [485-655]	60-85 [415-585]	75-100 [520-690]
Yield Strength, min, ksi[MPa]	32 [240]	40 [275]	30 [205]	45 [310]

ASTM A403

ASTM A403 Standard specification covers the standard for wrought austenitic stainless steel fittings for pressure piping applications.

Chemical Composition (%) of ASTM A403

Steel No.	Type	C	Si	S	P	Mn	Cr	Ni	Mo	Other	ób	ós
WP304	0.08	1	0.03	0.045	2	18-20	8-11			515	205	28
WP304H	0.04-0.1	1	0.03	0.045	2	18-20	8-11			515	205	28
WP304L	0.035	1	0.03	0.045	2	18-20	8-13			485	170	28
WP304LN	0.03	0.75	0.03	0.045	2	18-20	8-10.5		N2:0.1-0.16	515	205	28
WP304N	0.08	0.75	0.03	0.045	2	18-20	8-11		N2:0.1-0.16	550	240	28
WP309	0.15	1	0.03	0.045	2	22-24	12-15			515	205	28
WP310	0.15	1.5	0.03	0.045	2	24-26	19-22			515	205	28
WP316	0.08	1	0.03	0.045	2	16-18	10-14	2-3		515	205	28
WP316H	0.04-0.1	1	0.03	0.045	2	16-18	10-14	2-3		515	205	28
WP316LN	0.03	0.75	0.03	0.045	2	16-18	11-14	2-3	N2:0.1-0.16	515	205	28
WP316L	0.035	1	0.03	0.045	2	16-18	10-16	2-3		485	170	28
WP316N	0.08	0.75	0.03	0.045	2	16-18	11-14	2-3	N2:0.1-0.16	550	240	28
WP317	0.08	1	0.03	0.045	2	18-20	11-15	3-4		515	205	28
WP317L	0.03	1	0.03	0.045	2	18-20	11-15	3-4		515	205	28
WP321	0.08	1	0.03	0.045	2	17-20	9-13		Ti:5C-0.7	515	205	28
WP321H	0.04-0.1	1	0.03	0.045	2	17-20	9-13		Ti:4C-0.7	515	205	28
WP347	0.08	1	0.03	0.045	2	17-20	9-13		Nb+Ta:10C-1.1	515	205	28
WP347H	0.04-0.1	1	0.03	0.045	2	17-20	9-13		Nb+Ta:8C-1	515	205	28
WP348	0.08	1	0.03	0.045	2	17-20	9-13		Ta:0.1	515	205	28
WP348H	0.04-0.1	1	0.03	0.045	2	17-20	9-13		Ta:0.1	515	205	28

Mechanical properties of ASTM A403

Grade	UNS	Tensile Strength, min		Yield Strength,min		Elongation min % in 4D
		ksi	MPa	ksi	MPa	Longit %	Trans%
ALL	ALL	75	515	30	205	28	20
304L	S30403	70	485	25	170	28	20
316L	S31603	70	485	25	170	28	20
304N	S30451	80	550	35	240	28	20
316N	S31651	80	550	35	240	28	20
316N	S31726	80	550	35	240	28	20
XM-19	S20910	100	690	55	380	28	20
	S31254	94-119	650-820	44	300	28	20
	S34565	115	795	60	415	28	20
	S33228	73	500	27	185	28	20

Material Furnished to this specification shall conform to the requirements of specifications A960/A960M including any supplementary requirements that are indicates in the purchase order. Failure to company with the common requirements of Specification A960/A960M constitutes non-conformance with this specification . In case of conflict between this specification and Specification A960/A960M , this specification shall prevail.

ASTM A420

ASTM A420/A420M-07 standard specification for piping fittings of wrought carbon steel and alloy steel for low-temperature service.

ASTM A420 Chemical Composition Requirements

Elements	WPL6, %	WPL9, %	WPL3, %	WPL8, %
Carbon [C]	≤0.30	≤0.20	≤0.20	≤0.13
Manganese [Mn]	0.50-1.35	0.40-1.06	0.31-0.64	≤0.90
Phosphorus [P]	≤0.035	≤0.030	≤0.05	≤0.030
Sulfur [S]	≤0.040	≤0.030	≤0.05	≤0.030
Silicon [Si]	0.15-0.40	…	0.13-0.37	0.13-0.37
Nickel [Ni]	≤0.40	1.60-2.24	3.2-3.8	8.4-9.6
Chromium [Cr]	≤0.30	...	...	...
Molybdenum [Mo]	≤0.12	...	...	...
Copper [Cu]	≤0.40	0.75-1.25	…	…
Columbium [Cb]	≤0.02	...	...	...
Vanadium[V]	≤0.08	...	...	...

*For grade WPL6, the limit for Columbium may be increased up to 0.05% on heat analysis and 0.06% on product analysis.
*Fittings of WPL3 made from plate or forgings may have 0.90 % max manganese.
*Fittings of WPL8 made from plate may have 0.98 % max manganese.

ASTM A420 Mechanical Properties

ASTM A420/ A420M	Tensile Strength, min.		Yield Strength, min.		Elongation %, min
Grade	ksi	MPa	ksi	MPa	Longitudinal	Transverse
WPL6	65-95	415-655	35	240	22	12
WPL9	63-88	435-610	46	315	20	…
WPL3	65-90	450-620	35	240	22	14
WPL8	100-125	690-865	75	515	16	…

*All the elongation values are on the basis of standard round specimen, or small proportional specimen, min % in 4 D.

ASTM A234 is Standard Specification for steel pipe fittings includes carbon and alloy steel material for moderate and high temperature services.

ASME B16.9

ASME B16.9 Standard covers overall dimensions, tolerances,ratings, testing, and markings for factory-made wrought buttwelding fittings in sizes NPS 1⁄2 through NPS 48 (DN 15 through DN 1200).

ASME / ANSI B16.9 dimension

Nominal	Outside Diameter		90° Elbows		45° Elbows		180° Returns
Pipe Size			Long Radius	Short Radius	Long Radius		Long Radius
(inches)	(mm)	(inches)	Center to Face	Center to Face	Center to Face	Radius	Center to Center	Back to face
			(inches)	(inches)	(inches)	(inches)	(inches)	(inches)
1/2	21.3	0.84	1.5	–	5/8		2	1.875
3/4	26.7	1.05	1.125	–	7/16		2.25	1.6875
1	33.4	1.315	1.5	1	7/8		3	2.1875
1.25	42.2	1.66	1.875	1.25	1		3.75	2.75
1.5	48.3	1.9	2.25	1.5	1.125	3	4.5	3.25
2	60.3	2.375	3	2	1.375	4	6	4.1875
2.5	73	2.875	3.75	2.5	1.75	5	7.5	5.1875
3	88.9	3.5	4.5	3	2	6	9	6.25
3.5	101.6	4	5.25	3.5	2.25	7	10.5	7.25
4	114.3	4.5	6	4	2.5	8	12	8.25
5	141.3	5.563	7.5	5	3.125	10	15	10.3125
6	168.3	6.625	9	6	3.75	12	18	12.3125
8	219.1	8.625	12	8	5	12	24	16.3125
10	273.1	10.75	15	10	6.25	15	30	20.375
12	323.9	12.75	18	12	7.5	18	36	24.375

Tolerances of Welded Fittings

NOMINAL PIPE SIZE NPS	ANGULARITY TOLERANCES	ANGULARITY TOLERANCES
Size	Off Angle Q	Off Plane P
½ to 4	0.03	0.06
5 to 8	0.06	0.12
10 to 12	0.09	0.19
14 to 16	0.09	0.25
18 to 24	0.12	0.38
26 to 30	0.19	0.38
32 to 42	0.19	0.5
44 to 48	0.18	0.75

All dimensions are given in inches. Tolerances are equal plus and minus except as noted.
1. Out-of-round is the sum of absolute values of plus and minus tolerance.
2. This tolerance may not apply in localized areas of formed fittings where increased wall thickness is required to meet design requirements of ASME B16.9.
3. The inside diameter and the nominal wall thicknesses at ends are to be specified by the purchaser.
4. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, these tolerances apply to the nominal inside diameter, which equals the difference between the nominal outside diameter and twice the nominal wall thickness.

MSS SP-97

MSS SP-97 Standard Practice covers essential dimensions, finish, tolerances, testing, marking, material, and minimum strength requirements for 90 degree integrally reinforced forged branch outlet fittings of buttwelding, socket welding, and threaded types.

Buttwelding Ends

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Nominal wall Thickness : t	End Preparation
t<5mm (for austenitic alloy steel t<4mm)	Cut square or slightly chamfer at manufacturer ‘ s option
5	Plain Bevel as in sketch ( a ) above
t>22mm	Compound Bevel as in sketch ( b ) above

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Chemical Composition Requirements of MSS SP 75

Elements	Value, %
Carbon (C)	≤0.30
Manganese (Mn)	≤1.60
Phosphorus (P)	≤0.035
Sulfur (S)	≤0.035
Copper (Cu)	≤0.50
Nickel (Ni)	≤0.50
Silicon (Si)	≤0.50
Chromium (Cr)	≤0.25
Molybdenum (Mo)	≤0.13
Vanadium (V)	≤0.13
Columbium (Cb)	≤0.10
Titanium(Ti)	≤0.05

*1. The sum of Cu, Ni, Cr and Mo shall not exceed 1%.
*2. Carbon equivalent C.E.=C+Mn/6+(Cr+Mo+V)/5+(Ni+Cu)/15 shall not exceed 0.45%.

Manufacturing Standards of Buttweld Pipe End, Buttweld Pipe Cap

ASME: ANSI B16.9, ANSI B16.28, MSS-SP-43
DIN: DIN2605, DIN2615, DIN2616, DIN2617, DIN28011
EN: EN10253-1, EN10253-2
ASTM A403 – ASME SA403 Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings
ASME B16.9 Factory-Made Wrought Fittings Buttwelding
ASME B16.25 Buttwelding Ends
ASME B16.28 Wrought Steel Short Radius Elbows and Buttwelding Returns
MSS SP-43 Wrought and Fabricated Butt-Welding Fittings for Low Pressure, Corrosion Resistant Applications

Buttweld Pipe End Material Grades

Stainless Steel Pipe Cap ASTM A403 WP Gr. 304, 304H, 309, 310, 316, 316L, 317L, 321, 347, 904L
Carbon Steel Pipe Cap ASTM A 234 WPB , WPBW, WPHY 42, WPHY 46, WPHY 52, WPH 60, WPHY 65 & WPHY 70.
Low Temperature Carbon Steel Pipe Cap ASTM A420 WPL3, A420 WPL6
Alloy Steel Pipe Cap ASTM / ASME A/SA 234 Gr. WP 1, WP 5, WP 9, WP 11, WP 12, WP 22, WP 91
Duplex Pipe Cap ASTM A 815, ASME SA 815 UNS NO S31803, S32205. Werkstoff No. 1.4462
Nickel Alloy Pipe Cap ASTM / ASME SB 336 UNS 2200 ( NICKEL 200 ), UNS 2201 (NICKEL 201 ), UNS 4400 (MONEL 400 ), UNS 8020 ( ALLOY 20 / 20 CB 3, UNS 8825 INCONEL (825), UNS 6600 (INCONEL 600 ), UNS 6601 ( INCONEL 601 ), UNS 6625 (INCONEL 625), UNS 10276 ( HASTELLOY C 276 )

Size

An elbow is a pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing to allow a change of direction, usually a 90° or 45° angle, though 22.5° elbows are also made.

The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, the fitting is called a reducing elbow or reducer elbow.

Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160
Size range: 1/2 to 56 inches (DN 15 to DN 1,400mm), 22.5 Deg, 45 Deg, 90 Deg, 180 Deg
Manufacturing standards: ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN
Process: butt welding, seamless, threaded , or socketed

Here below, for example, you will find the center to face distance of NPS 2 elbows (the A distance on the image)

90°-LR : = 1½ x 2(NPS) x 25.4 A=76.2 mm
180°-LR : = 2 times the 90° LR elbow A=152.4 mm
90°-SR : = 2(NPS) x 25.4 A=50.8 mm
180°-SR : = 2 times the 90° SR elbow A=101.6 mm

The center to face distance for a “long” radius elbow, abbreviated LR always is “1½ x Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) (1½D)”, while the center to face distance for a “short” radius elbow, abbreviated SR even is to nominal pipe size.

Pipe elbow size

Nominal pipe size		Outside Diameter at Bevel		Center to End			Center to Center		Back to Faces
				45° Elbows	90°Elbows		180°Return
				H	F		P		K
DN	INCH	Series A	Series B	LR	LR	SR	LR	SR	LR	SR
15		21.3	18	16	38	-	76	-	48	-
20		26.9	25	16	38	-	76	-	51	-
25	1	33.7	32	16	38	25	76	51	56	41
32		42.4	38	20	48	32	95	64	70	52
40		48.3	45	24	57	38	114	76	83	62
50	2	60.3	57	32	76	51	152	102	106	81
65		76.1(73)	76	40	95	64	191	127	132	100
80	3	88.9	89	47	114	76	229	152	159	121
90	31/2	101.6	-	55	133	89	267	178	184	140
100	4	114.3	108	63	152	102	305	203	210	159
125	5	139.7	133	79	190	127	381	254	262	197
150	6	168.3	159	95	229	152	457	305	313	237
200	8	219.1	219	126	305	203	610	406	414	313
250	10	273	273	158	381	254	762	508	518	391
300	12	323.9	325	189	457	305	914	610	619	467
350	14	355.6	377	221	533	356	1067	711	711	533
400	16	406.4	426	253	610	406	1219	813	813	610
450	18	457.2	478	284	686	457	1372	914	914	686
500	20	508	529	316	762	508	1524	1016	1016	762
550	22	559	-	347	838	559
600	24	610	630	379	914	610
650	26	660	-	410	991	660
700	28	711	720	442	1067	711
750	30	762	-	473	1143	762
800	32	813	820	505	1219	813
850	34	864	-	537	1295	864
900	36	914	920	568	1372	914
950	38	965	-	600	1448	965
1000	40	1016	1020	631	1524	1016
1050	42	1067	-	663	1600	1067
1100	44	1118	1120	694	1676	1118
1150	46	1168	-	726	1753	1168
1200	48	1220	1220	758	1829	1219

Theoretical weight of elbows

NPS	LR 90° ELBOWS				ELBOWS SR 90°
inches	Sch. 5S	Sch. 10S	Sch. 40S	Sch. 80S	Sch. 5S	Sch. 10S	Sch. 40S	Sch. 80S
1/2	0.05	0.06	0.08	0.1	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.07
3/4	0.06	0.07	0.09	0.11	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.07
1	0.09	0.15	0.18	0.2	0.06	0.1	0.12	0.13
1.25	0.13	0.2	0.25	0.35	0.09	0.13	0.17	0.12
1.5	0.18	0.3	0.4	0.5	0.12	0.2	0.27	0.33
2	0.3	0.5	0.7	0.9	0.2	0.33	0.47	0.6
2.5	0.6	0.85	1.35	1.8	0.4	0.6	0.9	1.2
3	0.9	1.3	2	2.9	0.6	0.9	1.35	1.9
4	1.4	2	4	5.9	0.9	1.35	2.65	3.9
5	2.9	3.6	6.5	9.7	1.95	2.4	4.35	6.5
6	4	5	10.5	16	2.7	3.35	7	10.5
8	7.4	10	21.5	33.5	4.9	6.7	14.5	22.5
10	13.6	16.8	38.5	52.5	9.1	11.2	25.6	35
12	23.4	27	59	79	15.6	18	39.5	53
14	29	35	70	94	19.3	23.5	47	63
16	41.3	47	95	125	27.5	31.5	63.5	84
18	51.8	59	120	158	34.5	39.5	80	105
20	73	85	146	194	49	57	98	129
24	122	140	210	282	82	94	140	188

Pipe Elbow Center Calculation

For standard degrees of pipe elbows such as 45° and 90°, elbow center to end dimensions are available in standard pipe charts. But many times, custom elbow angles are required at site which should be cut from standard 45° or 90° elbows.

Formula for calculating center to end distance of such elbows is as follows:

Elbow length in mm = Tan(Elbow Angle/2) X Elbow Radius in mm

Where:

For 90° Long Radius elbows, center to end dimension given in dimension tables of ASME B16.9 is same as radius of elbow. This is because Tan(90/2) i.e. Tan 45 is 1.

Normally custom elbow angles from 45 degree to 90 are cut from 90 degree standard elbow. But for custom elbow angles smaller than 45 degree, elbow is normally cut from existing standard 45 degree elbow. Center to end dimension given in dimension tables for 45 degree elbow must be divided by Tan(22.5) to get elbow radius for standard 45 degree elbow. Then we can use above formula to get elbow angle for custom degrees.

Same procedure applies to 3D elbows.

Example 1:

Calculate elbow center to end dimension for 4 inch nominal pipe diameter elbow at 60 degree angle, cut from 90 degree LR elbow.

From ASME B16.9, center to elbow dimension for 4 in elbow is 152 mm.

Length = Tan (60/2) X 152

Length = 0.57735027 X 152

Length = 87.757 i.e. 88 mm Approx.

Example 2:

Calculate elbow center to end dimension for 2 inch nominal pipe diameter elbow at 30 degree angle, cut from 45 degree LR elbow.

From ASME B16.9, center to elbow dimension for 2 inch 45 degree elbow is 35 mm.

Radius of elbow = 35/Tan(22.5)

Radius of elbow = 35/0.4142 = 84.5 mm

Length = 0.26795 X 84.5

Length = 22.64 i.e. 23 mm Approx.

Wall Thickness of Elbows

The weakest point on an elbow is the inside radius. ASME B16.9 only standardizes the center to face dimensions and some squareness dimensional tolerances. The wall thickness at the weld line location even is standardized, but not through the rest of an elbow. The standard states that the minimum tolerance will be within 12.5% of the minimum ordered wall thickness of the pipe. A maximum tolerance is specified only at the ends of the fitting.

Many providers of buttweld elbows (and tees) provide one schedule greater thickness so that sufficient wall thickness, after forming, remains.

Angularity tolerances of pipe elbow

ND	Max off angle	Max off plane
	Q	P
1/2 a 4	1	2
5 a 8	2	4
10 a 12	3	5
14 a 16	3	7
18 a 24	4	10
26 a 30	5	10
32 a 42	5	13
44 a 48	5	20

Pipe Fitting sizes and dimensions

Pipe fitting dimensions are in either metric or Standard English. Because pipe fitting covers Pipe Fitting Dimensions several aspects, only the most common pipe fitting sizes can be given here.

How are pipe fittings measured?

Diameter refers to outside diameter of a pipe or fitting.

From ½ in to 12 inch “Nominal Pipe Size”, outside diameters are slightly larger than indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.

Schedule Numbers

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures.

Schedule, often shortened as sch, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting. Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.
Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS. (S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)
Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

What does “schedule” mean for pipe fittings?

Schedule, often shortened as SCH, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting.

What is schedule 40, SCH80?

Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.

Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

Why are fittings sometimes thicker and heavier than pipes to which they are connected?

Fittings are sometimes thicker than their connecting pipes to meet performance requirements or due to manufacturing reasons.
Due to fitting geometry, stress is very different when compared to a pipe. Using extra material is often necessary to compensate for such additional stress, especially for tees and tight curve elbows.
Fitting manufacturers may not always stock plates or pipes for all metal grades or sizes. When responding to an order, manufacturers always use the right metal or alloy, but sometimes made with next-higher available plate or pipe size while still respecting specified inside diameters.

What to Check During Fittings Dimension Inspection?

Following to be confirmed during inspection of pipe fitting dimensions

Diameter
Length
Thickness schedule no
Straightness & perpendicularity of the fittings ends
Degree of elbows & bends
And Concentricity of reducer

Production range	Pipe Elbow	Pipe Bend
Type	Seamless	Seamless
Type	Welded	Welded
Outside diameter	DN 15 - DN 1000	DN 15 - DN 800
Outside diameter	DN 250 - DN 1800	DN 250 - DN 1800
Wall thickness	2.0 - 120 mm	2.0 - 120 mm
Bending radius	1.0 D (SR) , 1.5 D (LR)	≥2.0 D
Product angle	0°-180°	0°-180°

Process

For the manufacturing process of all pipe fittings, forming is an indispensable process. Because the forming process of different products is different, it needs a long time.

Fittings production flow chart

Heating

In order to meet the requirements of material deformation in the forming process, it is necessary to heat the blank when the tube is manufactured by hot forming method. The temperature usually depends on the material and heating process.

During the forming of hot pushing elbow or hot bending elbow, the medium frequency or high frequency induction heating method is usually used, and the flame heating method is also used. This kind of heating mode is continuous heating which is synchronous with the forming process of elbow or elbow. The tube blank is heated in motion and the forming process is completed.

When hot pressing elbow, hot pressing tee or forging are formed, the heating method of reverberatory furnace, flame heating, induction heating or electric furnace heating are usually adopted. This kind of heating is to first heat the tube blank to the required temperature, and then put it into the die for pressing or forging.

Welding

There are two kinds of pipe fittings with welding seam. One is the pipe fittings made of welded pipe. For the pipe fitting manufacturer, the forming process of welded pipe is basically the same as that of seamless pipe, and the forming process of pipe fitting does not include welding process; the other is that the pipe fitting manufacturer completes the welding process required for pipe fitting forming, such as the elbow formed by assembling and welding after single piece pressing The tee pipe is welded into tube blank after being rolled by steel plate drum, etc.

The commonly used welding methods of pipe fittings are manual arc welding, gas shielded welding and automatic welding.

Our factory guides the welding work according to the preparation of the welding procedure specification, and carries out the welding procedure qualification according to the corresponding specification requirements, so as to verify the correctness of the welding procedure specification and evaluate the welding ability of the welder.

Deep Drawing method of end caps

One of the most common manufacturing methods for caps, where plate is cut out in a circle and formed by deep drawing.

Deep drawing is the manufacturing process of forming sheet metal stock, called blanks, into geometrical or irregular shapes that are more than half their diameters in depth. Deep drawing involves stretching the metal blank around a plug and then moving it into a moulding cutter called a die.

A drawing press can be used for forming sheet metal into different shapes and the finished shape depends on the final position that the blanks are pushed down in. The metal used in deep drawing must be malleable as well as resistant to stress and tension damage.

Beveling

In the behavior, we make beveling after shot blasting, bevel ends are fully machined by advanced equipment Double Beveling Machine ensure the height, length, thickness, O.D. and I.D. are all qualified.

Welding Bevel acc. to

ASME B16.9, Factory-Made Wrought Steel Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B16.28, Buttwelding Short Radius Elbows and Returns
ANSI/ASME B16.25, Buttwelding Ends
MSS SP-97, Socket Welding, Threaded, and Buttwelding Ends

The ends of all buttweld fittings are bevelled, exceeding wall thickness 4 mm for austenitic stainless steel, or 5 mm for ferritic stainless steel. The shape of the bevel depending upon the actual wall thickness. This bevelled ends are needed to be able to make a “Butt weld”.

ASME B16.25 covers the preparation of buttwelding ends of piping components to be joined into a piping system by welding. It includes requirements for welding bevels, for external and internal shaping of heavy-wall components, and for preparation of internal ends (including dimensions and dimensional tolerances).

Our in-hourse R&D team developed bevel ends equipment are good using in thickness 2mm to 20mm pipe fittings, guarantee high efficiency and high quality.

These weld edge preparation requirements are also incorporated into the ASME standards (e.g., B16.9, B16.5, B16.34).

Nominal wall Thickness : t	End Preparation
t<5mm (for austenitic alloy steel	Cut square or slightly chamfer
t<4mm)	at manufacturer ' s option
5 (4	Plain Bevel as in sketch ( a ) above
t>22mm	Compound Bevel as in sketch ( b ) above

Nominal pipe	Outside Diameter at Bevel				Center to End
DN size	D1		D2		C	M
DN size	Series A	Series B	Series A	Series B	C	M
20×15	26.9	25	21.3	18	29	29
25×20	33.7	32	26.9	25	38	38
25×15	33.7	32	21.3	18	38	38
32×25	42.4	38	33.7	32	48	48
32×20	42.4	38	26.9	25	48	48
32×15	42.4	38	21.3	18	48	48
40×32	48.3	45	42.4	38	57	57
40×25	48.3	45	33.7	32	57	57
40×20	48.3	45	26.7	25	57	57
40×15	48.3	45	21.3	18	57	57
50×40	60.3	57	48.3	45	64	60
50×32	60.3	57	42.4	38	64	57
50×25	60.3	57	33.7	32	64	51
50×20	60.3	57	26.9	25	64	44
65×50	76.1(73)	76	60.3	57	76	70
65×40	76.1(73)	76	48.3	45	76	67
65×32	76.1(73)	76	42.4	38	76	64
65×25	76.1(73)	76	33.7	32	76	57
80×65	88.9	89	76.1(73)	76	86	83
80×50	88.9	89	60.3	57	86	76
80×40	88.9	89	48.3	45	86	73
80×32	88.9	89	42.4	38	86	70
90×80	101.6	-	88.9	-	95	92
90×65	101.6	-	76.1(73)	-	95	89
90×50	101.6	-	60.3	-	95	83
90×40	101.6	-	48.3	-	95	79
100×90	114.3	-	101.6	-	105	102
100×80	114.3	108	88.9	89	105	98
100×65	114.3	108	76.1(73)	76	105	95
100×50	114.3	108	60.3	57	105	89
100×40	114.3	108	48.3	45	105	86
125×100	139.7	133	114.3	108	124	117
125×90	139.7	-	101.6	-	124	114
125×80	139.7	133	88.9	89	124	111
125×65	139.7	133	76.1(73)	76	124	108
125×50		133	60.3	57	124	105
150×125	168.3	159	139.7	133	143	137
150×100	168.3	159	114.3	108	143	130
150×90	168.3	-	101.6	-	143	127
150×80	168.3	159	88.9	89	143	124
150×65	168.3	159	76.1(73)	76	143	121
200×150	219.1	219	168.3	159	178	168
200×125	219.1	219	139.7	133	178	162
200×100	219.1	219	114.3	108	178	156
200×90	219.1	-	101.6	-	178	152
200×200	273	273	219.1	219	216	208
200×150	273	273	168.3	159	216	194
200×125	273	273	139.7	133	216	191
200×100	273	273	114.3	108	216	184
300×250	323.9	325	273	273	254	241
300×200	323.9	325	219.1	219	254	229
300×150	323.9	325	168.3	159	254	219
300×125	323.9	325	139.7	133	254	216
350×300	355.6	377	323.9	325	279	270
350×250	355.6	377	273	273	279	257
350×200	355.6	377	219.1	219	279	248
350×150	355.6	377	168.3	159	279	238
400×350	406.4	426	355.6	377	305	305
400×300	406.4	426	323.9	325	305	295
400×250	406.4	426	273	273	305	283
400×200	406.4	426	219.1	219	305	273
400×150	406.4	426	168.3	159	305	264
450×400	457.2	478	406.4	426	343	330
450×350	457.2	478	355.6	377	343	330
450×300	457.2	478	323.9	325	343	321
450×250	457.2	478	273	273	343	308
450×200	457.2	478	219.1	219	343	298
500×450	508	529	457.2	478	381	368
500×100	508	529	406.4	426	381	356
500×350	508	529	355.6	377	381	356
500×300	508	529	323.9	325	381	346
500×250	508	529	273	273	381	333
500×200	508	529	219.1	219	381	324
550×500	559	-	508	-	419	406
550×450	559	-	457	-	419	394
550×400	559	-	406	-	419	381
600×550	610	-	559	-	432	432
600×550	610	630	508	530	432	432
600×450	610	630	457	480	432	419
650×600	660	-	610	-	495	483
650×550	660	-	559	-	495	470
650×500	660	-	508	-	495	457
700×650	711	-	660	-	521	521
700×600	711	720	610	630	521	508
700×550	711	-	559	-	521	495
750×700	762	-	711	-	559	546
750×650	762	-	660	-	559	546
750×600	762	-	610	-	559	533
800×750	813	-	762	-	597	584
800×700	813	820	711	720	597	572
800×650	813	-	660	-	597	572
850×800	864	-	813	-	635	622
850×750	864	-	762	-	635	610
850×700	864	-	711	-	635	597
900×850	914	-	864	-	673	660
900×800	914	920	813	820	673	648
900×750	914	-	762	-	673	635
950×900	965	-	914	-	711	711
950×850	965	-	864	-	711	698
950×800	965	-	813	-	711	686
1000×950	1016	-	965	-	749	749
1000×900	1016	1020	914	920	749	737
1000×8500	1016	-	864	-	749	724
1000×1000	1067	-	1016	-	762	711
1050×950	1067	-	965	-	762	711
1050×900	1067	-	914	-	762	711
1100×1050	1118	-	1067	-	813	762
1100×1000	1118	1120	1016	1020	813	749
1100×950	1118	-	965	-	813	737
1150×1100	1168	-	1118	-	851	800
1150×1050	1168	-	1067	-	851	787
1150×1000	1168	-	1016	-	851	775
1200×1150	1220	-	1168	-	889	838
1200×1100	1220	1220	1118	1120	889	838
1200×1050	1220	-	1067	-	889	813

Nominal pipe size		Outside Diameter at Bevel		Center to End
		D		C	M
DN	INCH	Series A	Series B	C	M
15	1/2	21.3	18	25
20	3/4	26.9	25	29
25	1	33.7	32	38
32	1 1/4	42.4	38	48
40	1 1/2	48.3	45	57
50	2	60.3	57	64
65	2 1/2	76.1(73)	76	76
80	3	88.9	89	86
90	3 1/2	101.6	―	95
100	4	114.3	108	105
125	5	139.7	133	124
150	6	168.3	159	143
200	8	219.1	219	178
250	10	273	273	216
300	12	323.9	325	254
350	14	355.6	377	279
400	16	406.4	426	305
450	18	457.2	478	343
500	20	508	529	381
550	22	559	―	419
600	24	610	630	432
650	26	660	―	495
700	28	711	720	521
750	30	762	―	559
800	32	813	820	597
850	34	864	―	635
900	36	914	920	673
950	38	965	―	711
1000	40	1016	1020	749
1050	42	1067	―	762	711
1100	44	1118	1120	813	762
1150	46	1168	―	851	800
1200	48	1220	1220	889	838

Application

Pipe and pipe fittings go hand-in hand. Just as pipes are used for a variety of residential, public and industrial applications, so also the pipe fittings. No pipes can be connected without the use of proper fittings and flanges. Pipe fittings allow pipes to be installed and connected or joined where necessary and terminated in the right place.

Such as Oil and gas industries, Midstream, Shipbuilding, Power plants, Food plants, Pharmaceuticals, etc.

Pipe fittings include a wide range of products in various shapes, sizes and materials. With rapid developments in the field of industrial fittings and continuous research work in this industry, various new products are manufactured. Some fittings have certain special features so that they can be fabricated on different principles like hydraulics, pneumatic depending on the end usage.

Fittings include a comprehensive range of products depending on various applications in which they are applied.

Fittings are used wherever liquids, gases, chemicals and other fluids are created, processed, transported, or used.

There is no end to applications of pipe fittings so long there is no end to the applications of pipes . While the list of piping applications continues to expand, its strength, flexibility, very good flow rates and high chemical resistance are qualities which are uniquely suited for the movement or transfer of liquids, steam, solids and air from one point to another.

With piping, pipe fittings have many other uses like as follows:

The transfer of extremely hazardous materials such as chemical and waste.
Protection of sensitive equipment from high pressures.
Protection from corrosion and other extreme weather conditions.
Resistance to household and industrial chemicals.

In all the above-mentioned industries pipes are used to transfer liquid, gas, slurries, and other solids and fluids from one area to another and accordingly different categories of pipe fittings are used . Thus, pipe fittings play a vital role for proper functioning of pipe and tubes in various applications.

Chemical Plant

The chemical equipment refers to the process piping used for the downstream processing equipment of refining ethylene. There are carbon steel pipes and stainless steel pipes (seamless and welded): the commonly used carbon steel pipes are made of 20# (GB/T8163) and 20G (GB5310). 20g and 20# (GB9948) are rarely used. If it is used for Class A pipes, it must be 100% UT; the steels commonly used for stainless steel pipes are generally 304, 316L, 316Ti, etc.

Power Plant

The four major pipelines of the power plant include:
1: main steam pipe (two high temperature and high pressure steam pipes between the superheater outlet header and the high pressure main steam port);
2: hot reheat steam pipe (two high temperature and high pressure steam pipes from the reheater outlet header to the medium pressure main valve port);
3: cold reheat steam pipe (two high temperature and high pressure steam pipes between the high pressure cylinder exhaust port and the reheater inlet header interface);
4: High-pressure water supply pipe (electric water supply pump outlet to the high-pressure boiler supply water pipe between the economizer inlet header interface).

And four high-pressure pipes and fittings (elbows, flanges, tees, large and small heads, elbows) for pipelines.

Urban heating pipe network

Heating polyurethane insulated steel pipe insulation pipe is widely used in liquid and gas transportation pipe network, chemical pipeline insulation engineering petroleum, chemical, centralized heating and heating network, central air conditioning ventilation pipe, municipal engineering, etc. The high temperature prefabricated direct buried thermal insulation pipe is a direct buried prefabricated thermal insulation pipe with good thermal insulation performance, safe and reliable, and low engineering cost. It effectively solves the problem of insulation, sliding lubrication and waterproofing of the pipe end of the prefabricated direct buried thermal insulation pipe for 130°C-600°C high temperature heat transfer in urban central heating.

Oil and gas pipeline

The oil and gas pipelines are assembled by a single pipe connected one by one. The modern oil and gas pipelines and oil and gas pipelines are made of steel pipes connected by electric welding. The steel pipe has a variety of seamless pipes, spiral seam pipes and straight seam pipes. The seamless pipe is suitable for pipes with a pipe diameter of 529 mm or less, and the spiral seam pipe and the straight seam pipe are suitable for large diameter pipes. The cross-sectional structure of the pipe of the gathering pipeline is complicated by the inner coating-steel pipe-outer insulation layer-insulation (cooling) layer; the simple one is only the steel pipe and the outer insulation layer, while the inner wall coating and the heat preservation (cold insulation) layer are both considered The oil and gas transfer process will be determined.

Shipyard

The ship pipeline is a pipe used to connect various mechanical equipment on the ship to transport water, oil, gas and other related working fluids. There are two main types of ship pipelines: power pipelines and ship system pipelines. The power line is used for various pipelines for the main engine and the auxiliary machine. It has fuel, oil, cooling water, compressed air, exhaust gas, waste heat and other pipelines. The ship system pipeline is to improve the ship’s anti-sinking and stability, in order to meet the normal living needs of the crew and passengers.

Drilling Platform

Drilling platform piping can be divided into: bilge piping, ballast piping, ventilation piping, fire piping, daily water piping, drilling water piping, compressed air piping, fuel piping, oil piping, Hydraulic transmission pipe system, steam pipe system, boiler feed water sewage condensate pipe system, sea water (cooling water) pipe system, exhaust pipe system, solid control pipe system, mud pipe system, ash conveying pipeline system, punching pile pipe system, etc. And other uses